TS 2035 



Copy l 



dS^ffiSG^ i^ojrwof(£, 



WM. N. FITZ-GERALD 



TIE! IE 



BLACKSMITHS' HAND BOOK, 



IEOlsT "WOEK 



Carriages Tabulated, 



USEFUL INSTRUCTIONS, 



#7 

/ 



WM. N. FITZGERALD, 



Author of the Carriage Trimmers' Manual, Harness Makers' Manual, 
Harness Makers' Atlas, &c. 



NEW YORK, 



Entered according 



Df CoDgress, in the year 1884, by W* N. Fitzgjsbald, in the Office 
of Congres at Washington. 



the Librarian 



APR 12 18& 



CONTENTS. 

[ROM TABLES. 

PACE. 

Road Wagon, 126 pounds 3 

Top Wagon, 940 pounds - 4 

Top Wagon, SO i oounds. - - - •» 

Ponj Phaeton. tWO springs 6 

Ponj Phaeton, three Bprings 7 

Ponj Phaeton, platform oarriage « 

Doctor's Phaeton, 160 pounds 9 

Rockaway, four Beat - — l y 

Rockaway, three springs - u 

Rockaway, sue passenger 12 

Cabriolet, two springs - - 13 

\ iotoria, platform oarriage --- 14 

Victoria, Dee springe - l5 

Coup6, lighl .. --- *6 

Brougham *' 

Landau - -- 18 

Brett, Cee Bprings - 19 

2 /' 

Carryall - 21 

Democrat Wagon - - - 22 

Phaeton, extension top, fonr scat - 23 

Phaeton, extension top, su seal — 24 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Blaekamith, The - 3 

Blacksmith Coal. ■* 

Piles 5 

Tongs 6 

Gold Chisels - 7 

Bracing - 8 

Lead for tempering - 8 

Drilling Iron 9 

Care of the bellows... - 9 

Temper Cutting tools, to - 

Working steel - - - 10 

Sawdust - - - 10 

Acid test for Iron and Steel - 12 

Wcl.i inj Compounds -- --- 12 

Annealing Steel - 13 

( ase Barden Iron, To - 16 

Elepairing Castings - 22 

Blocking an Anvil .._ - - - - - 22 

Piles, their designations --- 23 

Porges - 2 ^ 

Ckxeral Nones Rbgabdihg the Iron in the Tables. 

The kinds of metals Beleoted arc those possessing the best qualities and best adapted to 
each part. These grades may not always be accessible; when this is the case select a 
brand thai approximates nearest to the one specified ; in place of Low Moor for piece part 
to axle beds use L W. or Burden's. Norway is the most tenacious and malleable iron used 
by oarriage makers, and should always be kept in stock. Where Norway is recommended, 
and it cannot be had, substitute Ulster, but do not substitute Norway for Ulster, as it is 
no! Btiff enough ; Burden's or Low Moor should be used instead. Let Norway, Low Moor, 
Ulster and Burden's be the Btandard, always selecting the brands that are nearest possessing 
i heir peculiar qualities when these are not available. 

Where lengths and widths are omitted, these are dependent upon the size of the frame 
or other portion to which the irons are attached. 

2 



Xo. 1. 

Table of Kinds and Sizes of Iron Used in Constructing a 125 Pound Road Wagon ou B 

Springs. 
Sectional Parti. 3fetal. Shape. She. 

Axles, nut Steel Straight 5 gx6 inches. 

Piece part, front Burden's iron lxl 1 -! inch. 

Piece part, back Burden's iron lx 5 s inch . 

Beds, full length 3 feet 4 inches 

Springs "1 fl^ inches. 

Length from center of bar I Swedes steel, oil H ]f m ti ., nl „ tp , ) 
bearings f temper. ^ alt em P tlt - - P late5 - 1 21 inches. 

Plates J [No. 5. 

Fifth wheel Norway iron Half circle 9 inches. 

Plates Half round *$ inch- 
Bolts Norway iron ^ inch. 

Head plates Norway iron Flat ^x 1 * inch. 

Bolts Norway iron is inch. 

Shaft irons Burden's iron Swaged ^x^inch 

Leugth front of bar 6 inches. 

Length on bar 5 inches. 

Bolts Norway iron Round heads 14 inch. 

Jack clips Norway iron Saunders No. 1. 

Clip part .- Flat 5 g inch- 

Bolt part Bound •,% inch. 

Axle, heel part Flat 1 inch. 

Perch plates Norway iron Flat ^'s inch. 

Heel clips, length bottom Norway iron Flat 10 inches. 

Heel clips, length top Norway iron Flat 6 inches. 

Bolts Norway iron *« inch. 

Side stays Burden's iron Oral %xfV inch. 

Ends Norway iron 

Bolts, front Norway iron Squareheads ^ inch. 

Bolts at bntfs Norway irou Square heads ._ A inch. 

Clip king bolt Norway iron Strap 5 g inch. 

Bolt part r% inch . 

Tire Steel 5 8 x3-32 inch. 

Bolts at joints Norway iron *s inch. 

Screws : g 8 No. 8. 

Step pads Norway iron Square ...SxS 1 ^ inches. 

Shanks Ulster "iron Oval 7 gsf« inch. 

Back stays Ulster iron Round 3 8 inch. 

Bolts Norway iron x 4 inch. 

Dash, hight 10 inches. 

Main and bottom bars Oval ^x 1 ^ inches. 

Other bars Oval ^^i inch. 

Heels Norway iron : ^x 3 -! inch. 

Foot rod IT srer iron Oval ^x f,- inch. 

Seat stays Ulster iron Oval. .. 3 8X-,%inch. 

Weariro'u, length Steel Flat 4U inches. 



THE 151. A< K*. Mil II. 

The artist who pictures a blacksmith, portrays a brawny fellow, with huge hands and mus- 
cles of an athlete, thus conveying the idea that his occupation is one that depends almost 
entirely upon physical force. Longfellow says: 

■' The smith, a mighty man is he, 
TVitb. large and sinewy hands: 
And the muscles of his brawny arms 
Are strong as iron bands." 

Physically he should be all this, bat if his mental is not equal to his physical power he is 
not a true representative of his craft, it requires something more than brute force to mold 
the iron to its proper shape. A knowledge of the characteristics of the metal used, great 
perception, prompt action and absolute precision are necessary, he must " strike while the 
iron is hot" every blow must be in the right place, he has no time to stop and ponder over 
the best course to pursue, a minute wasted loses a heat, he must think and strike at the same 
time; each blow must do its part and be given with a force in keeping with the condition of 
his heat. Then, too, he must have a practiced eye for curves. With a carriage blacksmith 
their are few sweeps that can be made to a pattern, and the more thorough the training of 
the eye and hand the more perfect the work. "With young men learning the trade there is 
too little thought given to drawing, they cannot understand how the knowledge of free 
hand or mechanical drawing can aid them, but as they become more and more skilled, they 
appreciate more fully the want of that knowledge. A thorough understanding of free hand 
drawing imparts confidence and aids to cultivate one great requisite, for promptness, besides 
cultivating correct taste. The blacksmith that can place a correct free-hand-drawing on a 
draft board can with equal accuracy shape his irons to a true sweep. 

He should be able to make a complete working drawing of the carriage or gear and all 
of its individual parts. The working drawing that governs the body maker, should be 
equally clear to the blacksmith, and if he is competent to design and place upon the black- 
board a carriage complete from every point of view, the labor of making it will be mate- 
rially decreased. " Think between heats *' should be the motto and habit of every man who 
works at the for»e. 



\o. 2. 

Trtll af lull ■ ■■ Ibll itiltm Still in ( clruninj n Top Uu« 8 y Weighing about *40 Pound. 

Furl-. VetaL Abe. 

Axles, nut Steel Plain taper 7 8x6 1 -2 inches. 

Piece part, front B. B. iron '. ligx^ ioeh. 

Piece part, back Low Moor iron l 1 ^ inch. 

Springs, three plates ] (I 14 i ncu - 

Length 1 32 inches. 

Back, open I H „. ... ,.,i, .,.,. Full elliptic- button J 8 inches. 

Front, open > Be** Swedes steel, heads, ronid ends. finches. 

Main plates I No. 4. 

Other plates J (.No. 5. 

Springs for aide bars ] fl 1 * inches. 

Length from center of bearh Half elliptic. {25 inches. 

I plate- I I No. .">. 

Fifth wheel Norway iron Half circle 12 inches. 

Plates Halt round 7 „ inch. 

Holts i, inch. 

Head plates Norwaj iron : Ux 1 4 inch. 

Bolts Inch. 

Shaft iron- Borden's iron l ^x inch. 

to of tiour War 8 inches. 

Length on bar inches. 

Holt- Norway iron Flat heads x 4 inch. 

• lark clip- Norway iron 1 inch. 

Heel part I 1 - inch. 

Holt part ft inch. 

Perch plan Norway iron : HxU inch. 

Center. ..Borden's iron Flat :! tx inch. 

Heel clips, bottom lc> inches lonjz. 

Heel clips, top 6 inches long. 

Bolts Vol wax iron ft inch. 

Side -tax- 1$. 15. iron Oval VxV inch. 

Ends Norwaj iron Square :i s>:-~s inch. 

Bolts, front Norway iron Hound heads inch. 

Holt-, at l urn- Norway iron U inch. 

Spring bar bolts Norway iron U inch. 

rlip king holt Norway iron 7 8 inch. 

Holt part inch. 

I'li'dx loop H. R iron Swaged lx 1 - inch. 

At head- a 4X 3 K j Dcn . 

Head Hound Vx 7 . inch. 

Strap on bottom Hand iron xl inch. 

Bolts for heads Norway iron < 'one heads inch. 

Bolts for corners . .....Norway iron Flat beads inch. 

-print: Steel Tiniken No. 2. 

I ii»- Steel 7 s inch. 

Bolts at Joints Norwaj iron Tire J s iuch. 

sj; in, I, No. 8. 

Step pads Norway iron Square .ixS 1 ? inch. 

Branches R. R. iron Oral 7 -\ inch. 

Holts Norway iron ft inch. 

Dash, night 13 inches. 

Main and bottom bars Lovi Hoor iron Oval 1 jx 1 ^ inch. 

Othei ban Low Moor iron Oval *s*H inch. 

Heebj Norway iron h* 3 i inch. 

l'"ot loci H. H. iron Half oval "s inch. 

Borden's iron rival : -\ inch. 

\\ ear iron Steel l :t 4 inches Ion;.-. 

Shifting rail Norwaj iron Oval \ ineh. 

-nli- and back stays Norway iron Round inch. 

Stomp joints, long .Noi xxa.x iron ■>* inch. 

i 'art Burden's iron Oval 5 *x, T s inch. 

Short Niii u;i\ iron j inch. 

part Burden's iron Oval x inch 

handle* Round -H inch. 



III.A4 koMIIII COAI,. 

There are three kinds of coal that can be used in the blacksmith shop — anthracite, bttum- 
inoos and charcoal. Tin- latter is superior to the other kinds, as regards its effect upon the 
metals, but it is the most expensive ol any. besides requiring more time to produce fusion, 
and is oi her wise objectionable becaose of the bulk necessary to keep the fire up to the required 
heat. Anthracite coal, being hard and coarse, does not lie sufficiently close to give a good, 
even tire ; the softer qualities, sooh as the Lackawanna, have been used with some si 
but it lacked one quality which is an almost indispensable one in the blacksmith's tire — that 
of incrustation, without which much of the- heat is lust. Bituminous coal is without doubt 
the most desirable of all ; its minute- particles admit of almost instant adhesion, and when 
heat up to 300 or 400 degrees Fahrenheit, a crust forms which retains the gases until they 
are burnt, leaving a body of coke upon which the fire can feed. 

All bituminous coals, however, "are not adapted to the forge; the cannel and gas coals 
contain too much volatile matter and are therefore almost useless. The best coal in this 
country, if not in the- world, is undoubtedly in Cumberland ; it possesses in a wonderful 
degree all the desirable qualities, and is remarkably free from extraneous matter. 



No. 3. 



Sectional Parts. Ifeial, Shape. She. 

Asles, ntlt Steel Plain taper 7 sx6i-3 iuehes. 

piece part , Low Moor iron Bar 3 4xli 8 inches. 

. hengtH **.,,.. 3 feet 8 inches. 



brings, three plates 

Front,, length...-. .-.,.-. „ 
Open :4»««.-..: 

Main and second plates 

Addi tion al plates 

Back, length 

Open 

Main plate 

Additional plates 

Fifth wheel , Xorwayiron. 

Fifth wheel at- bearings . , 

Shaft JiOrl heads....;....., Burden's iron 

Bolts .«...;.-. Norway iron 



iAt inches. 

32 inches. 

8 inches. 

Xo. 4. 

Xo. 5. 

32 inches. 

8*2 inches. 

Xo. 3. 
.No. 4. 

: 12 inches. 

s inch. 

1 _1 4 inches. 

.Square heads iVinch. 



Eliptie spear point 
top plates, square ends 
on bottom plates, but- 
ton heads. 



Ears of jack clips Xorwayiron -fV inch. 

Shaft irons Burden's iron Flat oval l^x r„- inch. 

Bolts Xorwayiron Steeple heads ....^inch. 

Jack clips Xorway iron Flat 1 inch. 

Screw ends Xorway iron Bound ,- s inch. 

Additioral clips Xorwayiron Flat 7 S inch. 

Screw ends Xorwayiron Bound i^inch. 

Perch plate ends Xorwayiron Bar ^x 1 ^ inch. 

Center Ulster iron Flat 3 4Xr'„ inch. 

Bolts . j Xorwayiron Steeple heads -,%inch. 

Side stays Low Moor iron Oval ^x^ inch. 

Ends at heels Xorwayiron Square ^x: 1 ^ inch. 

Head block bolt Xorwayiron „ Turned heads -rVineh. 

Bolts at stay branch Xorwayiron Turned heads i^inch. 

Bolt* for front ends Xorwayiron Turned heads ffcinch. 

Spring and spring bar clips Xorway ii on Flat 3 8 inch. 

Ends Xorwayiron Round fijinch. 

Clip king bolt at head plate Xorwayiron Bound iVjneh. 

Spring section Xorwayiron Round 3 8 inch. 

Body loops Burden'siron Oval lx 1 ^ inch. 

At head Oval 3 4x 3 8inch. 

Head Bound 7 ^ 7 3 inch. 

Centerpiece Best strap iron Flat ! :l „xl inch. 

Bolts for beads Xorwayiron Steeple heads Vinch. 

Bolts at batts Xorwayiron Turned heads ii inch. 

Screw for center piece 1 inch Xo. 12. 

Tire Steel Flat 'gxisincb.. 

Bolts Xorwayiron Tire ,'Winch.. 

Step pads, main Xorwayiron Flat jagged S^xS^ 'inches. 

Shank Burden'siron Oval 3 sx°8 inch. 

Pads, top Xorwayiron Flat jagged 3x3i4 inches. 

Shank Burden'siron Oval 3 sx 5 8 inch. 

Dash, hight 10 inches. 

Main and bottom bars Low Moor iron Oval iosfsinch. 

Top and center bars LowMooriron Oval ^x 1 ^ inch. 

Foot rod Burden'siron Oval 5 sx 3 8inch. 

Stump joints, bottom prop Low Moor iron 1 -2X 5 s inch. 

Piece pait Xorwayiron Oval 3 gx 5 s inch. 

Front prop Low Moor iron Ssx^inch. 

Piece part Xorwayiron Oval ^x^ inch. 

Hub bands Xorwayiron Central Park 2x!8 inch. 

FeUoe plates Xorwayiron . 

Slat irons, four-bow Xorwayiron Xew York pattern 

Shifting rail Xorwayiron Round 3 8 and ^ inch. 

FILES. 
The file comes next to the hammer in importance in the blacksmith shop, and how to use 
it so as to secure the greatest -wear and the most work is an important pecuniary consider- 
ation. Manufacturers in too many cases do not view this subject in a proper light. Some 
adopt the rule to give out new files at stated intervals, while others refuse them so long as 
those in use can be made to cut. Neither custom is to be commended. A skillful man will 
perform much more work than an unskillful one in a given period. One man may be able to 
perform as much work in two days as another will in four, and in the two days the file is 
worn out. An inexperienced workman can destroy a file in a day and not do but little work. 
There is therefore no rule to follow but the one, to substitute an new for an old as soon as 
the file becomes worn. 

The finishers' bench should be provided with a variety of files. The following gives a 
good assortment. One 17-inch flat bastard for "roughing," one 14-inch flat bastard, and 
one 13-inch half round bastard, each worn for scaling. One flat bastard and one half round 
bastard, same lengths as those worn, for use as soon as scales, etc., are removed. One 8-inch 
flat bastard for fitting. One 8-inch and one 10-inch square bastard, and one 8-inch and one 
10-inch round bastard for truing up bolt holes. One 12-inch float for filing drills ; one 6-inch 
round for sharpening wood boring tools. In addition to these there should be a rack of 
small round, square, half round and three corner files for special uses. The roughing files 
should be those that have been used in the woodshop until the sharp burs are worn off. 

In addition to these there should be a hot iron file. This should be 24 inches long and 
about 1-| inehes wide, both faces flat, one edge round, the other square. This is for use at 
points where the swage or cold chisel cannot be used. 



\o. 4. 

Tablr of Kiad> and Hixra si Iron l.rd in C'anatrurliac ■ P»aj Phitrlon •■ Two Npi-ing*. 4 1 
«• lark ar 4 Frn 10 lack Track. 

Farts. M>t.it. Shapt. .Sict. 

A\><~ Steel Nut 1x0^2 inches. 

Piece put, front Burden's iron 1 J 4X 3 4 inch. 

I 'i.-c- part, back I 1 -* 7 - inch. 

IV inches. 
:;•', inche<. 



•• p. in. 
sings, tiniit, four plates. 
Length 



Main ami second plates 

Additional plates 

Hack. live plate* 

Length 

Open 

Main plans 

Beeond ami third plates 
Additional pi 



Oil temper, Swedes Elliptic, septate ends; 
button heads. 



7 JDehes. 
No. 3. 
No. 4. 

I 1 - steel. 
37 inches. 
i* 1 - inches. 
No. 2. 
No. 3. 
No. 4. 



Fifth wheel Half circle 15 inches. 

Circles Norway iron Half round lx^j inch. 

Bolts Norway iron x 4 inch. 

Shall iron- I'lster'iron Flat half oval l^x inch. 

.ink- Plain 1% inches. 

I'.i ill- Norway it on I4 inch. 

Perch plate, front end Norway iron l^Xy- inch. 

Mack end \.,i u.i v iron 

Bolts.. Norwayiroti inch. 

(enter Ulster iron , — Flat l^x 1 ^ inch. 

lop plate Norway iron Half oval lx,». inch. 

Borden's iron 

i> and inner back branch Oval 5 sx 3 8 inch. 

Inner limit branch Oval 5 SX : V: inch. 

ll-el- \oiua> iron 

Bodj loop- ' 1-tei uron 

Finn- Square 7 „ inch. 

At l.u't . Oval 7 gx 5|, inch. 

u Oval : f 4X ., inch. 

Head 7 8 inch. 

Square 1 inch. 

At l.nti Oval li-xv inch. 

V !>ar Oval hi inch. 

Me id 7 k inch. 

Holt- Not wa> 11 on ft inch. 

(lip ki in.- bolt. .Norway iron & inch. 

Spring portion inch. 

(lip- Norway iron Flat 7 « inch. 

Km I- : <k inch. 

Tire Steel ..lx inch. 

Compound iron lUx inch. 

Iron ]i-xi 4 inch. 

Bolts Tire inch. 

Eton Norwaj 11 on Gridiron M-jxo'-j inches. 

Branches Borden's iron Oval ^x^a inch. 

Holt- Norway iron inch. 

Dash. 15 inches hijjb. 

Kml ami bottom bars lister iron Oval :< 4X 3 y inch. 

Center, top and end bars. Qlster iron Oval 5 8X 3 e inch. 

Feet Norway iron 

Foot rod lister ion Oval H^H inch. 

Lining to top of basket Hand iron s 4 i n cL No. 14. 

Joints, bat k Norway iron stump joint :, 4.\\ inch. 

Piece pari B.B. iron Oval ~-x ." inch. 

Front Norwaj iron Stump joint 5 8X 5 * inch. 

Piece part B. B. iron oval ^x 3 ^ inch. 

Rocker plates I.. W. iron P-x inch. 

No. 1 4. 

Spring bar holt- Norway iron 8g j n< .r,. 

TO!WI8. 

The b la cksm it hs' tong-rack should he well stored with tonga. To hold the iron well it is 
ry that the jaws take a full hold, beginning with the closest there should he two 
pairs J of an inch open, two of j inch, two of }, two of $ inch, and one for each J of an inch 
up to 1 inch, and one pair for each 4. of an inch above that size. This will obviate the ne- 
r the blacksmith occasionally heating the jawB of his tongs and adjusting them to the 
piece of iron to he held. The firmer the jaws clench the iron the easier is it to hold it 
Every b l a ck sm i th knows that the hand that holds the tongs i- tirederat night than the one 
that holds the hammer. This is due to the strain from a tight grip. To make the tongs 
grip the iron more firmly some blacksmiths rough the face of the jaws. If the tongBareof 
the proper size this is entirely anneeeesary. 

Tongs -hould be made of hard iron, such as Low Moor. Ulsler or Burdens. The soft irons 

■ sufficiently rigid to sustain the strain without bending. Drill the rivet holes instead 

of punching them. If the jaws work loose heat the rivets and lighten upon the forge, then 

return the tongs to the fire, heat them red and open and close them until they work 



No. 5. 



Sectional Parts. Metal. ■ Shape. Size. 

Axle, front Steel Plain taper ^B^ inch. 

Piece part, front Burden's iron l^x I inch. 

Back Steel Plain taper IxS 1 .? inches. 

Piece part, back Burden's iron l^xl^s inches 

Springs, elliptic 



Front . 

Leugth 

Open 

Main plate 

Additional plates. 



Length 

Open 

Main and second plates 
Additional plates 



E 1 1 i p t i c s ; butt 
Swedes steel, oil heads ; top plates 
temper. spear points; bottom 

plates oval points. 



II4 inches. 

3 plates. 
37 inches. 
8 inches. 
No. 3. 
No. 4. 

4 plates. 
35 inches. 
8 inches. 
No. 3. 

[No. 4. 



Fifth wheel Norway iron 15 inches. 

Plates Half round lx^ inch. 

Bolts Norway iron 

Perch plate, head portion Norway iron li4X 3 8 inches. 

Back end Norway iron lAtx 3 8 inches. 

Center Burden's iron Swaged l^ft inches. 

Back plate clip Norway iron Half oval l-^^i inches. 

Bolt part 3 ginch. 

Strap, wide 1*2 in cb.es. 

Spring clips Norway iron -ft- inch thick 

Stay portion Low Moor iron Oval 7 gx^2 inch. 

Head block staj- Nor tvay iron Half oval Ixnj inch. 

Shaft irons Burdea'siron l 3 8Xft inches. 

Length on bar 8 inches. 

Length front of bar 10 inches. 

Gooseneck at shaft end Oval l^x 3 -! inches 

At head Oval 7 gx 5 8 inch. 

Head l a 8 inch. 

Jack Norway iron Plain pattern.. 

Bolt 7 ft- Inches. 

Pole plate to T Norway iron l^jxrV inches. 

Piece out with Burden's iron Half oval 7 gxft inch. 

Top plate Norway iron 12 inches long. 

G-oose necks Low Moor iron Round 3 4 inch. 

At head 3 8 inch. 

Side stays Low Moor iron Oval %xrff inch. 

Body loops Burden's iron Square - -- 7 8 inch. 

At head „ Oval % inch. 

Head 7 8 inch. 

Bolts Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

For body Norway iron ft inch. 

Brakes or back loeps Low Moor iron Full oal l^exl inch. 

Taper end, back spring liange ^x^ inch. 

Clip king bolt Norway iron 3 4 inch. 

Spring portion -ft inch. 

Clips Norway iron Flat 1 inch . 

Ends 3 8 inch. 

Tire Iron l^x-ft inches. 

Tire Compound iron l^x 2 ^ inches. 

Tire Steel l^xft inches. 

Bolts Norway iron Tire ft or At inch. 

Spring bolts Norway iroD 3 8 inch. 

Step pad Gridiron *. 4x5 inches. 

Shank Burden's iron 3 4inch. 

At pad Round 5 sinch. 

Branches Low Moor iron Oval . 3 4X 3 s inch. 

Foot rod Common iron Oval , 7 8Xft inch. 

Rail to rumble seat Burden's iron Round 3 8 inch. 

Pad to rumble seat 4x4 1 2 inches. 

Shank Low Moor iron Oval lx% inch. 

Dash, hight 20 inches. 

Project at ends #. 5 inches. 

Section wing, length 12 inches. 

Bottom and heel bars Low Moor iron Oval 3 4X 3 sinch. 

All other bars Low Moor iron Oval 5 sx 3 8 inch. 

Heels Norway iron -. : 

Rocker plates Burden's iron l^x^ inches. 

Screws No. 14. 

COLD CHISELS. 
The cold chisel, if properly made, is a valuable and a labor saving tool ; with it ridges 
and thick parts may be cut away in less tban half the time that it could be done with a file. 
A perfect chisel should be wedge shape, at an angle that would give -^ of an inch at the 
lower end and § of an inch at a point l£ inches above ; draw the taper perfectly true and 
file off the end square and grind each edge to give a bevel of £ of an inch; the temper must 
be made to suit the article to be cut, it will not do to use the one chisel on all kinds of 
metal. A chisel that would work well on steel or hard iron would be likely to break if used 
on soft metals, while the one that would work the best on soft metals would be too soft to 
cut the hard metals. 



No. 6. 



Tfihlrofthr Kind- and Mimrs of Iron C»cd in « on.irunini; a Poor Pbaelon With K.inilil. Ipoi 
IMntioi in 4 oiip. Fun hi I (iiniaiir: Track, 4 Fee« 8 laahea, or 4 Feet 10 Inches. 

Sirtiniwi Parti, Metal Shape. Site. 

Axles Case hardened iron.. Nut or mail 1x6*2 inches. 

Piece part Low Moor iron lxl *« inches. 



Spring . 

Front 

Length 

Open 

All plates , 

Hark. 

Length 

Open 

Ruin plate 

Second and third plates. 

Fourth 

If 1U inih iteel la pretend, all 



ilates. 



S w e d e k steel, 
oil temper. 



Full elliptics, button 
beads; square ends 
to plates; ends to top 

plates long beveled. 



l^xHg inches. 
:i plates. 
30 inches. 

6 inches. 
No. 3. 

4 plates. 
36 inches. 

7 inches. 
Xo. 2. 
No. 3. 
Xo. 1. 



I Xo. 3. 
. Half circle lx^ inch. 



Fifth 'wlie'el".".'.".'.'.'.".'.'.".'.'.".'.'.'.'.".'.".'.'. hater iron 

Bottom bed. Lot tutu plate Half round l^x 5 * inch. 

Hot ti mi bed, to] i plate < 'otiiinoii iron Half oval ^x, 3 ,, inch. 

Ton l>ed, top plate Norway iron Half round 7 gx J 2 inch. 

No. kit plate Norway iron Half oval lx 3 s inch. 

Hack bar, top carriage Low Moor iron Full oval lx 5 * inch. 

Bottom socket Norway iron Half oval lx 3 4 inch. 

Bottom plate of ratchets Burden's iron "sincb. 

Muk end •. H*H inch. 

1 i out end Common iron Half oval lx : V inch. 

Inside plate oi tut. Ii.ls Common iron Half oval lx 3 8 inch. 

I i "nt en. i- Norway iron 

Bide stay Burden's iron l^x^ inch. 

I n.U Hound ft inch. 

KtngboB Not way it on ijj inch. 

Trace knobs Hound heads 2 inches, 

Pole Mckel 2*1x2 inches. 

Draw i.ar, bottom plate Norway iron Flat half oval l^x inch. 

Bolts Norway iron J 4 inch. 

Box dips Burden's iron l^x,',, inch. 

Bottom plate for shafts Norway iron Half oval lx lri inch. 

I t loops to bod] Burden's iron Swaged II4 inch. 

Front ends Oval lx 3 4 inch. 

Bolts Norwav iron V inch. 

Dash. Iiitflit 22 inches. 

Main and bottom bars Norway iron Oval ;, sx :, i inch. 

Additional ban Norway iron Oval s bx 3 h inch. 

H<- 111 roll Norway iron Hound : V inch. 

Bolts Norway iron i„ inch. 

Back (rings Norway iron ( ival -"'n^'h inch. 

Brakes Low Mom iron Full oval lxl U inches. 

Flange for rumble irons. B 4X , s inch. 

Kail to 1 11 m 1 lie -1 at Ulster iron Hound 3 s inch. 

Step pads Sheet iron No. 10. 

Tread Oval 6x10 inches. 

Shank I'lster iron Octagon 7 s inch. 

Bolts Not way iron 1 6 .; inch. 

Tin- 1 '.11111 iron I 1 ** inch. 

Tire Low Moor iron Pss^ inches. 

Tiie Mcel l'-x inch. 

Bolts Norway iron Tire . inch. 

Bumble step pad T sheet iron 4x4i«j inches. 

Shank Low Moor iron Swaged lx 3 4 inches. 

Rocker plates Burden's iron 13*1*4 inch. 

Screws No. 14. 

Hub bands Band iron ^ inch. 



Braking is B simple process, but one that requires care. The article to be brazed must lie 
cleaned thoroughly at the joint, and the edges brought well together, then place the brazing 
material over the joint ; moisten borax in water and place a quantity along the joint ; hold 
the piece over a good charcoal or a clean hard coal fire until the brazing material is melted, 
jar it slightly t.. cause it to enter the joint ; as soon as melted remove from the tire ; if the 
article brazeo is brass or copper plunge it in cold Mater, if iron, allow it to cool slowly. In 
brazing bras- use silver, for iron or steel thin strips of spelter or sheet brass. 

HOI/TKR I.KAU FOR TEMPERHft. 

The use of molten lead for tempering was for a long time kept as a secret by the dis- 
coverer. Its uses are, however, not confined to the tool, maker ; delicate tools can be heat 
all parts alike by being put into the boiling lead, their heat not exceeding that of the lead. 
It is sometimes desirable to anneal a portion of an article that has been tempered, this can 
be .lone without drawing the temper at other points by dipping the part to be annealed in 
hot lead ; it acts equally well with all metals and should be ever present on the blacksmiths' 
forge. 



No. 7. 

Table of Kinds and Sizes of Iron Used in Constructing a Doctor's Phaeton Weighing About 1 30 



Sectional Farts. Metal. Shape. Size. 

Axles, nut Case hardened Plain taper I x 8x7 inches. 

Piece part Burden's iron Square lxl 14 inch. 

Springs, four plates Swedes steel Elliptic, round point 1*2 inches. 

Front, length -. 37 inches. 

Open 8*2 inches. 

Main and second plates No. 3. 

Additional plates No. 4. 

Back, length 39 inches. 

Open 10 inches. 

Plates No. 4. 

Fifth wheel Norway iron Half circle 16 inches. 

Fifth wheel at bearing 1 inch. 

Shaft iron heads Burden's iron l^ inches. 

Bolts Norway iron Cone head ^inch. 

Ears of jack clips, thick Norway iron ^ inch. 

Shaft irons Burden's iron Flat oval l 3 8Xftinch. 

Bolts Norway iron Turned heads -ft inch. 

Jack clips Norway iron Flat Ii2 inches. 

Screw end Norway iron Round 3 8 inch. 

Axle clips Norway iron Flat l 1 ^ inches. 

Screw ends Norway iron Round ft inch. 

Perch plate, bottom, ends Norway iron Flat rexl 1 -! inches. 

Perch plate, bottom, ceuter Ulster iron Flat -ftxl^ inches. 

Perch plate, top Norway iron Flat ftx 7 8 inch. 

Perch plate, swaged Half oval 1 inch. 

Perch bolt Norway iron Cone head ft inch. 

Side stays, main Burden's iron Oval ftx 3 4 inch. 

Side stays, inside Burden's iron Oval 3 8x 5 8 inch. 

Side stays, ends at heels Norway iron Flat % inch. 

Bolts at head block Norway iron Cone heads -ft inch. 

Bolts at branch of stays Norway iron Flat heads s g iu CU . 

Bolts for front end . . .'. Norway iron Flat heads 14 inch. 

S pring and spring bar cli ps Nor way iron Flat 1 inch. 

Ends Norway iron Round 3 8 inch. 

Clip king bolt Norway iron No. 3. 

At head plate Round 5 8 inch. 

Spring section Round -ft inch. 

Boss to fifth wheel stay Norway iron Round 3 4 inch. 

Body loops, front Burden's iron Oval 1 inch. 

Back Burden's iron Oval..., 1 -ft inches. 

Head at base 1*8 inch. 

Bolts for heads Norway iron Cone heads ft inch. 

Bolts at butts Norway iron .Round heads 3 8 inch. 

Additional bolts Norway iron Roundheads -ft inch." 



Tire Compound iron l^x-ft inch. 

Tire Steel l^^ inch. 

Tire bolts Norway iron Tire 14 inch. 



Step pads Norway iron Gridiron 4i 2 x5 inches. 

Shanks Ulster iron Octagon an d round 3 4 inch. 

Dash B. B. iron Oval 16 inches high. 

Dash, outsde and top bars B. B. iron Oval 3 4x-ft inch- 
Dash, inner bars and handles B. B. iron Oval 5 8X 3 8 inch. 

Foot rod Ulster iron Oval ^x^ inch. 

Stump joints, bottom prop B. B. iron 5 8X 7 s inch. 

Piece part Norway iron Oval ^x^s inch. 

Front prop B. B. iron ^x^inch. 

Piece part Norway iron Oval 3 8x% inch. 

Hub bands Band , -ftx2 inches. 

Rocker plates L. W. iron Flat 3 8 x2 inches. 

Screws No. 16. 



DRII.MXi IRON. 

Wherever it is possible, it is best to drill holes through the iron ; the process is not a 
tedious one, if almost any one of the power drills in the market are employed and twist 
drills used. Drillery cuts the metal away in such small particles that no damage is done, 
whereas the punch is liable to produce fractures. If square holes are desired, drill and then 
file out with a square file. 

CARE OFTHE BEIXOD§. 

A well-made bellows should last twenty-five years, if well treated, but it is doubtful if one 
out of twenty lasts ten years, without a great deal of patching. The constant working of 
the bellows produces friction which tends to wear away the leather, but much of this may 
be obviated by keeping it clean ; if well dusted daily, its wearing qualities will be greatly 
increased. 

TO TEMPER CUTTING TOOLS. 

Heavy cutting tools, like axes, can be tempered so as -to carry a keen, strong edge by 
heating to a red heat and running it down to a blue in warm rain water. If very heavy 
heat and cool twice. 



\o. 8. 

Table of Hindu nnri Mixva of Iron. Card in Con.lrurling n roiir-Nrnt Rwhawar, Shifting V \ 
4 feci IO inch Track. 

Sectional Porta. Metal. ' Shape. Si:,. 

Axles, nut Iron, case hardened. Plain taper Ir«x7 inches. 

Piece part, hark Low Moor iron liar 1x1*2 inches. 



Piece part, front Low Moor iron Bar ;1? 13 8 joshes 

Springs, tivc plates 



Front, length 
< [pen 

Main plate 

Second and third plates 



1 3 8 and 1^2 inches, 

37 inches. 

7 inches. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

39 incites. 

9 x o inches. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 



Elliptic, round points 

to top plates, and 

a loo i i square points to bot- 

Fonrth and tilth plates | ' "''" tK 8t * e1, torn plates, French 

Back, length ' clips, front 1 3 8, back 

Open I 1*2. 

Main and second plates 

Additional plates J 

Fifth wheel Norway iron 15 inches. 

Circles Norway iron Half round 1 inch. 

Bolts Norway iron A inch. 

Shaft irons Burden's iron Swaged l x 4xl 3 8 inch. 

U n-'th front of bar 14 inches. 

Length on bar '- 10 inches. 

Holts Norway iron rV inch. 

Jacks Norway iron Plain 

Beads, long Norway iron Hound l x 4 inch. 

Holts Not way iron Turned heads , T „ inch. 

Clips Norway iron Strap 1 inch. 

Holt end Hound /ifinch. 

Perch plate, bottom end Norway iron Flat ^xl^inch. 

Center Burden's iron Flat ^xl 1 ^ inch. 

Top Norway iron Half oval '. l^xr',, inch. 

Holts Norway iron Turned heads A inch. 

Bead plates. Norway iron Half oval l^xvv, inch. 

Bide -t;.\-, outside and back Low Moor iron Oval 3 8x 5 sinch. 

I I,. ii i branch Low Moor iron Oval -f, T x 5 8 inch. 

Ends at head block Norway iron Half oval 1x1*4 inch. 

Units Norway iron Turned heads , „• inch. 

iring bar holts Norway iron Turned heads :, s inch. 

' |> kin;: holt Norway iron Plain 1 inch. 

Boll | Mil Norway iron Bound : <» i m h. 

Body loops, back Low Moor iron Swaped 7 hx1 1 h inch. 

Beads at loop* Low Moor iron Round l inch. 

Bolts Norway iron Turned heads 3 8inch. 

Common iron Flat Ax^ inch. 

Compound iron Flat ^xl 1 -! inch. 

Steel Flat , V,x 1*4 inch. 

Bolts Norway iron Tire -ft im h. 



Sl.t II 
Clip 



Step pad witbonl covers Norway iron Square 0*2x8 ii 

Main branch Burden's iron Octagon and square ?r inch. 

\t pad Oval ij^ineh. 

I 'ad. If COrer Is Used Sheet iron, No. 10... Horseshoe- f)i.jx7 inches. 

Back straps Borden's iron Oval :, hx 3 4 inch. 

Bolts Norway iron Turned heads 3 H inch. 

Cover Sheet ii on. No. 1 I. .Horseshoe 0*2x8 inches. 

Dash, higW 15 inches. 

Ban Low Moor iron Oval :, «x 3 4 inch. 

Pool rod Borden's iron Oval : %x 3 8 inch. 

Huh bands, v rough! Norway iron Plain *8 inch thick. 

Bide rail to front seat Hurden'siron Hound , ? „ inch. 

Railroad bank uprights Ulster iron Oval *2X 7 8 inch. 

Bottom Ulster iron Half oval 1*8 inch. 

Holt Norway iron Flat head A inch. 

Bighl 15 inches. 

Arch plates Ulster iron Half oval \*H inch. 



WOBKIR6 STEFX. 

Steel to be Forged must he heat evenly and as quickly as possible, without burning the 
thin parte; before forging be sure that the piece is heat through, and then commence 
upon the thin parts as t hey cool the quickest. Work quickly and boldly, reducing the power 
of the hi. .«s av the color darkens, and cease hammering just as soon as the bright redness is 
lost. There are scarcely t wo brands of steel that can be worked in a similar manner, and 
in order t.. secure uniformity the workman should carefully note the method of working, 
and having accomplished a good result he should continue the use of the one grade. 

SAWDUST. 

A box of sawdust should be at every finisher's bench ; there is nothing superior to it for 
cleaning iron of grease ; it absorbs the grease rapidly, and the use of it saves time in clean- 
ing up irons that have been drilled. Any kind will answer but pine ;"this leaves a resinous 
deposit that is very objectionable. 

10 



No. 9. 



Table of Kinds and Sizes of Iron Used in Constructing a Four-Passenger Kotkaway on Three 
Springs and Perch Carriege. Track, 4 Feet 8 Inches or 4 Feet 10 Inches. 

Sectional Parts. Metal. Shape. Size. 

Axles, front Case hardened Nut l^x? inches. 

Back Case hardened Nut Iftx7 inches. 

Piece part, front Low Moor iron lxl *% inch. 

Piece part, back Low Moor iron lxl 14 inch. 



Springs. 

Front 

Length 

Open 

Main and second plates . 
Third and fourth plates. 
Fifth and sixth plates. . . 

Back , 

Length 



Open 
Main 



ain plate. 
Second plate 



' 1*2 inches. 
6 plates. 
38 inches. 
lO 1 ^ inches. 
No. 2. 



Swedes steel, oil Elliptics, button heads, J y°" ± 
temper. oval points. 



4 plates. 
37 inches. 
T^j inches. 
No. 2. 
No. 3. 



Third and fourth plates J I No. 4. 

Fifth wheel Half circle 15 inches. 

Plates Burden's iron Half round l^x 3 ^ inches. 

Bottom clips Burden's iron II4 wide. 

Bolt ends % inch. 

Front bar to upper section Burden's iron Round 3 8 inch. 

Stay Norway iron .-. l^xSg inche s. 

Neck portion Oval lx 1 ^ inch. 

Shaft irons Ulster iron Half oval l 3 gx -ft inches. 

Length on bar 10 inches. 

Front of bar 12 inches. 

Head v l^x^ inches. 

Bolts Norway iron Tftinch. 

Jack clips - . N or way iron l 1 ^ inches wide. 

Strap l 1 ^ inch. 

Ends -ft inch. 

Bolts Norway iron *2 inch. 

Pole, bottom plate on the bar Burden's iron Half oval l^xSg inches. 

Top plate Norway iron Half oval lxlAi inches. 

Outer stay Burden's iron Oval 3 4x 3 s inch. 

Inside branches Burden's iron Oval °8X 3 8 inch. 

Necks Burden's iron... Round 3 4 inch. 

At heads Burden's iron Round Sginch. 

Bolts for plates Norway iron. ^ inch. 

Bolts for stays Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

Bolt for double tree Norway iron -ft inch. 

Bolt for TVhiffletree Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

Perch plate, front end Norway iron l^-ft inches. 

Piece out with Burden's iron Half oval l-^x-ft inches. 

Back end Norway iron l^ft inches. 

Clip Norway iron Half oval l^xft- inches. 

Ends Round . 3 8 inch. 

Top plate „.^ Half oval l^x-ft inches. 

Side stays ..Norwayiron Oval lx 5 s inch. 

Perch portion Norwayiron Half oval lx 1 ^ inch. 

Extra stay at head block Low Moor iron Oval 3 4X-ft inches. 

Branch stays Low Moor iron Oval 3 sx 3 4 inch. 

Axle clips, front Norwayiron II4 inches. 

Ends 3 sinch. 

Spring clips Norwayiron l^x^j inches. 

Brakes Ulster iron Swaged half oval l^ inches. 

Bolts at springs 3 8 inch. 

Tire Steel 1 ^x 1 ^ inches. 

Tire Compound iron l^.x-ftr inches. 

Bolts Norwayiron Tire ^4 inch. 

Step Sheet iron Horseshoe No. 10. 

Pad oxS 1 ^ inches. 

Shank Burden's iron Square 7 8 inch. 

At pad Round 5 8 inch. 

Bolt part Norwayiron l^xSs inches. 

Cover Sheet iron No. 14. 

Flange Band iron 7 8^s inch. 

Shank Burden's iron. Octagon s 8 inch. 

At cover Round Hi inclR 

Step bolts Norwayiron 3 8 inch. 

Dash .,, Straight 14^ inches high. 

Heels Norway iron 1 3 4X 1 2 inches. 

Outer and bottom bars Ulster iron Oval 3 gx 3 4 inch. 

Additional bar3 Ulster iron Oval °sx 3 3 inch. 

Handles Ulster iron Oval .- 3 gx 3 8 inch. 

Bolts Norway iron -ft inch. 

Side rails Ulster iron Round -ftx 1 ^ inch. 

Railroad backs, bottom Ulster iron Half oval 7 sx 3 8 inch. 

Uprights Ulster iron Oval ajyx-rVinch. 

Hight I6I2 inches. 

Rocker plates at neck L. W 2 :l 4X 1 2 inches. 

Ends .L. "W 2i4x 3 s inches. 

Screws .- No. 18. 

Hub bands, back Band iron 3 4X-ft inch. 

Front Band, iron No. 9. 

Screws No. 8. 

Fifth wheel bolts Norwaviron 3$ inch. 

Perch bolts Norwayiron -ft inch. 



No. 10. 

Table of Kind* and Mze* of Iron I)»ed In Constructing a Unlit Six Pasaenger llorkauay, 
Perrh Carriage, 4 feet, 10 Inrh Track. 



Sectional ParU. afatel Shape. Size. 

Axles, nut Case hardened Plain taper lvVx7 inches. 

Piece part front I.ou Moor iron Square l^xl inches. 

Pieoe part) back Low Moor iron Square l^xl 1 ^ inches. 



• nt, 5 plate 

Length 

Open 

Main and second plan 
Remaining plates 

Hiirk, "> plates 

Length 

< Jpen 

Main, second and third plates.. 
Bemaining p] 



Full elliptic ; button 
Swedes Steel, oil heads; top plates, 

temper. oval points; bottom 

plates, round points. 



1*2 inches. 
38 inches. 

7 inches. 
No, 2. 
No. 3. 
l'h inches. 
40 inches. 
10 inches. 
No. 2. 
No. 3. 



Fifth wheel Norway iron 15 inches. 

Plates Norway iron Half round 1 J 4 inches. 

Bolts Norway iron inch. 

Shaft irons Burden's iron Bwaged l 3 *x 3 g inches. 

bh front of bar 16 inches. 

Length on bar 12 inches. 

Belti Norway iron r„- inch. 

Jacks Norway iron Plain 

Heads ■ 1 3 8 inches. 

Bolt Norwa; iron *a mch. 

Pole st. ns Refined Oval &4Xrsinch. 

Tie plate Norway iron :f - inch thick. 

Top plate Norway iron Half oval ft inch thick. 

Main whiffle tree noli .Norwaj inm inch. 

• it her whiffletree l>olt> Norway iron T heads 3 h inch. 

Perch plate, end Norway iron Flat lVx 1 -. inch.' 

Center pan Burden's iron Swaged l :i -.x ;, s inch. 

Head plat. • Norway iron l L jx inches. 

Bolts Norway iron ft inch. 

Bide st.n - 1. 1 branches Low Moor iron Oval :f ix . imii. 

Inn. i branches Low Moor iron Oval 3 4x 3 h inch. 

I i.mt In an. In - Low Mom iron ( Ival :i 4X inch. 

t bead block Norway iron Half oval lLx^ inch. 

Heels Norway iron Half oval Lvx inches. 

Bolts Norway iron *4 inch. 

Body loops. Low Moor iron Swaged l^xl inches. 

Heads Turned l 1 ^ inches. 

BoHs Norway boa inches. 

Clip kin- boll Norway iron I 1 - inches. 

Bolt portion below spring - inch. 

Holt portion through spring inch. 

(lip- Norway iron I 1 * inches. 

Holt p..it ion s* inch. 

Tire Common iron l^x-V inches. 

Compoundiron 1 J 4X ,V inches. 

Steel 1 H* 1 * inches. 

Bolts Norway iron *4 inch. 

Step pad with.. nt com i- Norway iron Square 7x8*2 inches. 

Main branch Burden's iron < ictagon and square 7 -, inch. 

At pad Oval l,\xH inches. 

Pad, if coyer is used Sheet it No. 10. .Horseshoe 6x 7^2 inches. 

Cova sheet i No. i L... Horseshoe rxMo.inch. 

Burden's iron Oval 3 *x 3 4 inch. 

Bolts Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

I> ,-h 16 inches high. 

Low Moor Hon Oval 3 ±xh inch. 

Foot rod Burden's iron Oval 7 8X 1 1 6 inch. 

Front side i ails Burden's iron Round /., inch. 

Arch plates Burden's iron Half oval Tgx^inch. 

- •, inch No. 11 



Y4 ll> TKST FOR IRO> A^O STEEL. 

To test^netal. first .lean and polish the piece on all sides, then place it in diluted nitric or 
sulphuric acid for twenty-tour hours, after which wash and dry it; an examination will 
show the action of the acid. The Lest steel will present a frosted appearance, inferior steel 
will lie honejoombed ; iron will present a fibrous stricture. If different kinds of iron have 
been welded together the peculiar characteristics of the fibre of each will be revealed. 
Gray east iron shows crystal of graphic carbon, other cast irons have the figures equally well 
defined, each possessing marked characteristics. 

Wi:i,I)l>« COMPOUNDS. 

For steel, 2 ounces of copperas, 4 ounces of salt, and 4 lbs. of white sand ; mix all well 
together and use the same as with sand. 

Equal parts of pulverized borax and trlass may be wet with alcohol and heated to a red 
heat in a crucible ; when cold pulverize finely and use the same as borax. 



No. 11, 



Table of the Kinds and Sizes of Iron Used in Constructing a Cabriolet on Two Springs. Track, 
4 Feet 8 Inches, or 4 Feet 10 Inches. 

Sectional Parts. Metal. Shape. Size. 

Axles Case hardened iron.. Mail or nut I x 8x7 inches. 

Piece part, front Low Moor iron Square l^xTs inches. 

Piece part, back Low Moor iron Square 1*2x1 is inches. 



Springs, front, 5 plates 1 

Length 

Open 

Main and second plates 
Additional plates 



Elliptic* : button heads; 
I Swedes steel, point to top plates I 
Length I oil tem ^ er - oval > bottom plates 1 



1 3 8 inches. 
36 inches. 
10 inches. 
No. 3. 
No. 4. 
1*2 inches. 
39 inches. 
ll 1 ^ inches. 
No. 3. 
No. 4. 
. l x 2 inches. 



Open. 

Main, 2d and 3d plates 

Additional plates 

If child seat used, front 5 plates. 

Fifth wheel Norwayiron Half round 16 inches. 

Plates Norwayiron ligx^ inches. 

Bolt ends 3 8 inch. 

Bolts Norwayiron ..A inch. 

Shaft iron Burden's iron Swaged l 3 sxrV inches. 

Length on bar , 12 inches. 

Length front of bar -. ..15 inches. 

Bolts Norwayiron A inch. 

Whiffleetree bolt Norway iron T head 3 8 inch. 

Jack clips Norwayiron Plain 

Heads : I 1 * inches. 

Bolts Norwayiron -rVinch. 

Bolt ends to clip Norway iron A inch. 

Perch plate, fifth wheel end Norway iron Flat l^x^ inches. 

Back end Norway iron Swaged l^x^ inches. 

Center part Burden's iron Half oval l^xA inches. 

Top plate ends Norwayiron Half oval . ..l^x^ inches. 

Center part Burden's iron Half oval ...l^x^ inches. 

Bolts Norwayiron fe inch. 

Head plate Norwayiron Flat ^x^inch. 

Side stays, back branches Burden's iron Oval 7 s^'h inch. 

Outside front branches Burden's iron Oval 7 8Xi4 inch. 

Inside front branches Burden's iron Oval 3 4x 3 8 inch. 

Bolts Norwayiron x 4 inch. 

Main front holt Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

Back bolt Norwayiron A inch; 

Body loops Low Moor iron Full oval l x 8 inches. 

Heads, deep 1 inch. 

Bolts Norwayiron .^s inch. 

Bolts for front end Norwayiron -rb'ineb. 

Clip king bolt Norwayiron ig inch. 

Bolt end 3 sinch. 

King bolt at head plate Tapered 3 4 to iVrnch. 

Tire Steel l^xA- inches. 

Tire Common iron l^xfV inches. 

Bolts Norwayiron Tire x 4inch. 

Step pads Sheet iron Square 6x10 inches. 

Shank Ulster iron Octagon and round 7 sx 7 8 inch. 

Step on front axle pad Sheet iron Square 4x4*2 inches. 

Shank Low Moor iron Square 3 4inch. 

Dash 14 inches high. 

Outside and bottom bars Low Moor iron Oval 5 8X 3 8 inch. 

Center and top har Low Moor iron Oval 5 8sA inch. 

Bolts Norwayiron rV inch. 

Seat rail Round A inch. 

Stump joints, back Norway iron 7 sx 5 8 inch. 

Piece Low Moor iron Oval 3 4xrV inch. 

Front. Norwayiron 3 4x 5 8 inch. 

Piece Low Moor iron Oval 5 8X 3 8 inch. 

Wings, outside bars Oval 5 gx 3 8 inch. 

Inside bars Oval 5 8Xfu inch. 

Rocker plates, at neck L. W. iron Flat 2x*2 inches. 

At ends 2x 3 s inches. 

Screws <- No. 16. 

Pole irons, goose necks Norway iron. Round 3 4 inch. 

Bottom plate on pole Norway iron Half oval l^xfV inch. 

On bar Norwayiron... Half oval 7 sx-,%ineh. 

Top plate Norwayiron Half oval 7 8X,^ inch. 

Side stays, outside Burden's iron Oval 7 sXi^ inch. 

Inside Burden's iron Oval S^xSginch. 

Bolts Norwayiron f$ inch. 

Whiifletree bolts ., Norwayiron 3 8 inch. 

Evener bolt Norwayiron f^ inch. 



AUfi*EAl,me STEEL. 

Steel, whether crucible or other, can be annealed by heating it to a bright red and plung- 
ing it into hot water ; the water must be at a boiling point. Steel annealed this way is 
harder than when annealed in the ordinary manner, but it is much tougher. When the 
steel is put into the water it does not cool quickly and the uniform heat which slowly dimin- 
ishes tempers' the metal. 

13 



No. 12. 



Mprinsa; 4 feel 8 



■ l Parte. Metal 

Axles Cast- hardened 

Piece part Low Moor iron 

^i'i ings 

Front 

Length 

Open 

Main and second plates. 

Additional pis 

Back 

Length 

Open ' Swedes steel. 

Main plate 

Additional plates. 

With riD-- spring, tin- main 
and I'd plate* 

Additional plates. 

< toss spring 

Main and mi 1 plate-. 

Additional plates. 



_ m*e. 

.Nut or mail IUxT 1 ^ inches. 

'- inches 



to]> plates, so 
on liottom pll 
ton heads. 



•al point 
oare ends 

ates, lmt- 



l :, si 
1*2 inches. 
:! plates. 
30 inches. 
6 inches. 
No. 3. 
No. 1. 

1 plates. 
36 iui hes. 
, inches. 
No. 2. 
No. :i. 

No. :?. 
NO. 4. 

t plates. 

No. -J. 

No. 3. 



lit th wheel Borden's iron lUx 3 * inches. 

lop plate of top bed Norway iron Half round ^-x^j inch. 

liottom l>ed bottom plate.. .Ulster iron Full half round f^x 5 ^ inches. 

Bottom bed top plat* lister iron Half oval 7 -x :i - inch. 

Back bar, bop cai riage Lou M iron Oval l.\ 5 « inch. 

Bottom socket Norwaj iron I »val lx 3 4 inch. 

-id. stays at spring bearing Obiter iron Flat l'-jx"- inch. 

Front end Ulster iron Bound '-'ax 1 -! inch. 

Hack end I'l-ter iron Hound ',. inch. 

Bottom plate, ,i, tin, in i- Hni den's iron Square :i 4 inch. 

Front end Km den's iron Half oval 1 ^x 3 * inch. 

Back end Burden's iron 8 4X^ inch. 

hi-ide pl.ite to tin. h.l- Half oval 1x 3 k inch. 

Inp i>l.i i •■ nt tup Led at ■ iiitei l'1-tcr iron Swaged l^x", inch. 

I'm I- Flat :<jx ,". inch. 

Kingbolt .Norwaj iron , inch. 

i iiit-ide trace steps 01 knob* Norway iron < tblonj; 2*£ inches. 

Inside trace steps 01 knobs Norwaj iron Bound 2 inches. 

Holt Norwaj iron % inch. 

Box dip- Norway iron l^x 3 - inch. 

Securing clips Norwaj iron -\x <- inch. 

Ends ^ inch. 

Bolts for inside plates oi fotchels. Norway iron I inch. 

Other bolts Norwaj i inch. 

I >raw liar i>late Norway iron Half oval 1 X 4X: : . inches. 

Plates for wooden brakes. .. Lon M •iron Swaged, half round l 5 ^ 6 ^ inches. 

lion brakes Borden's iron Square l^xlU inches. 

At back -In. id. 1. 1 Swaged l^xl inches. 

Holt- tin hack end .Norwaj iron :, 8 inch. 

Front loop, I. ut i- Low Moor iron Square 14 inch. 

Holt- 3 h inch. 

Front ends Oval lx 3 4 inch. 

Holts 5g inch. 

Step pad Sheet iron No. 10. 

1'ad 

8tep -hank I'l-ter iron 1 tatagGffl and round 7 g inch. 

Wings, iii-ide bars Low Moor iron 1 »val 5 tjX 3 8 inch. 

Other Lai- Low Moor iron 1 rtral ^xiy, inch. 

iriag bolts Countersunk h inch. 

lire Steel l^x^t inches. 

Tnc Compound l a -x , men. 

Tire Iron P-x 3 * inches. 

Holts Norway iron I4 inch. 

Hull Lands (thick) Hand iron Plain; Jagged ^ inch. 

Steps for top carriage sheet iron No. io4x4 1 2 in 

Shaft plat.- to ciook 

Ends Half oval lx-f\- inch. 

Screw 3 4 inch No. 10. 

Holts for back end Norway iron 14 inch. 

Draft liolts Norway iron inch. 

Dash, Liirlit 15 inches. 

Handles Oblong 2>2 inches-. 

Main and bottom ban Low Moor iron Oral 3 4X 3 s inch. 

Addilio' al rails Low Moor iron Oval 5 8x3g inch. 

Finn 1 -eat 1.1 il I'l-ter iron Round ,".; inch. 

II ir-'lit . front 6 inches. 

back 6 3 4 inches. 

Bracket plates Common iron Half oval 1 X 4X X 4 inches. 

Hack joints Stump joints T -x 5 - inch. 

Piede pait Norway iron Oval 7 *Xi".: inch. 

Front joint* Stump joints %x*2 inch. 

Piece part Norway iron Oval 5 sx iV, inch. 

Plate for front how Band iron lxig inch. 

Becker plate- L. W. iron 2 1 zx 3 8 inches. 

Screws No. 18. 



.<;ioxl<> inches. 
7a inch. 



No. 13. 



Tablf of Kind, and Sfna of Ii 



on C Springs, 4 Feet 8 Inch 



Sectional Farts. Metal. Shape. 

Axles Case hardened Collinge 

Piece part Low Moor iron 13 8 inches. 



Size. 
l^xT^ inches. 



Ends of all the plates 
Oil temper, Swedes square, top plates 
steel. chamfered, button 

heads. 



inches. 
5 plates. 
40 inches. 
ll 1 ©. inches. 
No. 2. 
No. 3. 
No. 4. 

5 plates. 
38 inches. 
10 inches. 
No. 2. 
No. 3. 

6 plates. 
No. 2. 
No. 3. 
26 inche 



Springs 
Front 

Length 

Open 

Main plate 

Second and third plates 

Fourth, lifth and sixth 

Back 

Length 

Open 

Main, second and third plates 

Fourth and fifth plates 

C springs I 

First, second and third plates. 

Fourth, fifth and sixth J 

Fifth wheel Full circli 

Bottom section Burden's iron Flat l 3 sx 3 8 inches. 

Top section Burden's iron Half oval l 3 8x 3 g inches. 

Molding Half round 1 2X 3 sinch. 

Hook Norway iron .' i 2 inch thick. 

Bottom bed, hot torn plate Burden's iron Full half re und l 3 gx 3 8 inches. 

Bottom bed, top plate Burden's iron Half oval lx 3 s inch. 

Top bed, bottom plate Norway iron Flat half oval l 5 sx 3 8 inches. 

Top bed, top plate, center Norway iron l^x^ inches. 

Ends lx ,V inch. 

Bottom plates of futehels, front. .Buiden'siron 5g inch thick. 

Center Burden's iron Square 1 inch. 

Ends Full oval lx 3 4 inch. 

Edge Flat ^ inch. 

Back support to futchel % inch thick. 

Ends tapered to -fj inch. 

Jaw plates Band iron No. 10. 

Side stay at spring bearing... Low Moor iron 1 3 4X 5 8 inches. 

Ends Low Moor iron Round 7 g inch. 

Tapered to s g inch. 

At the I'utcheU lx-, J s - inch. 

At the front end Norway iron Swaged 3 8 inch. 

Collars Solid 1 inch. 

Kins bolt Norway iron 3 4 inch. 

Frog or socket arms Norway iron Oval lx 3 4inch. 

Evener bar bolt Norway iron s 8 i nCD . 

Bearing plate ^ inch thick. 

Bottom plate Band iron No. 8. 

Strap loops l^x 1 ", inches. 

Pole bridge Burden's iron l^x 1 ^ inches. 

Box clips Norway iron 1 3 4X f 6 - inches. 

Securin g clips. ., Norway iron Flat ^x^ inch. 

Ends ^inch. 

Clip bars Horseshoe iron Flat ^x^ inch. 

Back bar, front carriage Nosway iron 1 3 4X 3 4 inches. 

Arms from elliptic to body Low MToor iron Full oval l^xl inches. 

Back loops at butt Low Moor iron Square 1*2 inches. 

Back end Half oval l 1 ^ inches. 

Edge 3 8inch. 

Jacks for spring arms Norway iron l 3 4X 3 g inches. 

Bolts Norway iron 5 8 iuch. 

Step pad Norway iron Grate 7x9 inches. 

Step shank Burden's iron Oval 7 8 inch. 

Joints 5 8inch. 

Tire Compound iron l 5 8£i% inches. 

Tire Low Moor iron l s 8X-rV inches. 

Tire Common iron l 5 gx 5 8 inches. 

Bolts Tire tVinch. 

Huh bands, back Band iron No. 8. 

Front Band iron No. 9. 

Rocker plates Common iron S^x^ inches. 

Or of Low Moor iron S^xfs inches. 

Screws No. 20. 

Stump joints 1x^8 inch. 

Piece part Oval 7 8X 3 s inch. 

Toe hoard plate . . Half oval 1 3 4X 3 4 inches. 

Seat rail, single seat Burden's ison Round -n? inch. 

Double seat Burden's iron Round iainch. 

Front stay Norway iron Oval l^x^s inch. 

"Wings, inside bars Common iron Oval s^x 1 ?, inch. 

Outer bar Common iron Oval 5 8X 3 sinch. 

Bolts for securing front carriage.. Norway iron tr and 3 8 inch. 

Screws No. 14. 

Body bolts Norway iron t% inch. 

Step bolts Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

Loop bolts ; Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

Bolts for securing C spring ....Nor way iron.. .....,.., -^-inch. 



No. 14. 

Table of Kinds and Nisrs of Iron I'srd in Constructing n Light loupe ; Front Truck. 3 Feet 6 
Inches i Bark Track, 4 Frfl -i Inches. 

Sectional Farts. Metal Shape. Site. 

Axles Case hardened iron.. Nut or mail l , ". x7 indies. 

Piece part Low Moor iron Bar l :, s inches. 

Springs f 1 ] 2 inches. 

4 plates. 

Top plates thin, square J i^j^f- 
ends ; button ends v„ o ' 
beveled and square; ' 5"' j. 



■pimps. 
Front — 
Length 



ft 



am plate. 



Second plate V. Best quality Wf2Jti hSrla 8 ? 1 !^^ No. 3. 

rfeirdand I orth plated . s -., ? dao s. ,,i. Vrnn"."*i S'l Nc. 4. 



Main and second plates . 
Third plate 

Foiutll plate . 



9*2 inches. 
Xo 2. 
Xo 3. 
I Xo. 4. 

Fifth wheel Norway iron Half circle 20 inches. 

I Mates l^x^ inches. 

Bottom bed, bottom plate Burden's iron Full half oval l^x 1 ^ inches. 

Bottom bed, ton plate Burden's Iron Balf oval lx 3 s inch. 

Hoi loin plate <>t futehels Burden's iron Square 3 4 inch. 

Kit her side of concave Half oval 7 »x .',; inch. 

Hack end Norway iron Half oval H* 1 ! inch. 

Front end Norway iron Half oval lUx -,'■,, inches. 

Side staj at spring bearing Burden's iron l*2x 5 s inches. 

Length 5*3 inches. 

Front end Oval 7 sx 5 8 inch. 

Back end , — Oval -h^-2 inch. 

Bbaft jan Norway iron Half oval l'-jx 1 ^ inches. 

Inside plate to tiitchel NOTWB] it on I^X^h inches. 

End at outside stay Norway iron Half oval l^x 3 * inches. 

Bolts Norway iron A inch. 

Socket plate Norwaj iron Full half oval l^^'s inches. 

Top plate of top bed.. Burden's iron Full half round l'.\ : ^ inches. 

Ends « 7 gX -f%inch. 

Top t nlchel plates Mill den's iron Half oval 7 gxfainch. 

King bolt Norway iron Plain pattern r, H inch. 

Hoi loin socket tor king bolt Norway iron Oval lx 3 4 inch. 

Ends 1x88 inch. 

Pole socket, diameter '. Ulster iron 1*4 inch. 

Length 1*2 inch. 

Draw bar pole socket 2 3 sx2 1 8 inches. 

Bottom plate Norway iron i l 3 sX'S indies. 

Trace knobs Dlsterlron Hound 2*8. inches. 

Bolt part 3 s inch. 

1 lot loin plate to shafts Half oval lx 3 s inches 

C k poit ion :i ix 3 s inch. 

Bolts Norway iron U inch. 

- No. 14, 1 inch. 

Draft I » « • I r — Norway iron iv inch. 

The Steel .". lUx,,. inches. 

I ni Common iron l x 4x 3 s inches. 

Tin Iron ' PiXi 7 . inches. 

Holis Norwaj iron Tire ii inch. 

Back band to hul's 4 inch thick, 

Front band to hub- inch thick. 

Bocker plate at arch I.. W. iron :;\io indies. 

Ends •'ix 3 8 inches. 

Dash I :i inches high. 

Side and bottom bars Burden's iron Oval 3 4X 3 8inch. 

Center and top ban Mm den's iron Oval :, 4X 5 8 inch. 

Beat rail lister i-oii Bound iV inch. 

Plates for u I brake- Hiinlcn's iron Half round I "sx-s inches. 

Molt- Norway iron fa inch. 

Btep pols Sheet iron. No. I" Horseshoe 5 3 4x7 inches. 

Shank lister iron ( ictagoii and round 7 -x 7 s inch. 

A l pad Hound ■"■* inch. 

Molts fa inch. 

< "\er ' Sheet iron No. 14. 

Shank Norway iron Octagon and round '„xr, ; inch. 

At i over fe inch. 

Flange to COVei . . Norway band iron ^^S inch. 

Fendei Burden's iron Oval 5 8X 7 8 inch. 

Width 5 inches. 



TO < vsi:-n \ri»i:\ IRON. 

II. at the iron to a cherry red and sprinkle it well with prussiate of potash, using a coarse 
pepper box, cover all parts thoroughly, put the iron back into the fire and heat it red, then 
plunge it into cold water, being careful to hold the piece perpendicular to prevent spring- 
in ■_'. 

16 



No. 15. 



Table of the Rinds and Sizes of Iron Used in Constructing a Brougham Platform Carriage i 
Track, 4 Feet 6 Inches, and 4 Feet 10 Inches. 

Sectional Parts. Metal. Sliape. Size. 

Axles.... .' Case hardened iron.. Nut or mail l^xT^ inches. 

Piece part Low Moor iron l 3 s inch. 



ipnngs . 
Front 

Length 

Open 

First and second plates. . 

Third plate 

Fourth plate 

Back 

Length 

Open 

First plate 

Second plate 

Third and fourth plates. 
Cross spring 

Length 



First-quality steel. 



Full elliptics front and 
back, or full elliptic 
front with combina- 
tion cross spring 
back, button heads, 
oval ends to plates. 



.Half circle. 



l'h, inch. 

4 plates. 

36 inches. 

10 inches. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

4 plates. 

38 inches. 

8^ inches. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

4 plates. 

38 inches. 

3*2 inches. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 
I No. 4. 
.22 inches. 

l^xSs inch. 

ligx^ inch. 

1 3 8X 5 8 inch. 



First plate 

Second and third plates 

Fourth plate 

Fifth wheel Burden'siron. 

Top plates Half round 

Bottom plates .Flat 

Bottom bed, bottom plate Burden'siron Full half round. 

Top bed, top plate Norway iron Half oval l^x^ inch. 

Bottom bed, top plate Burden'siron Half oval l^x^ inch. 

Top bed, bottom plate Norway iron Flat half oval l^x^ inch. 

Futchel side stays Ulster iron l^xSs inch. 

Spring bearing 6 inches long. 

Front piece Ulster iron Round Sginch. 

End A inch. 

Futchel plate Norway iron lx^ inch. 

Back piece Ulster iron Hound 5g inch. 

End Winch. 

Bearing 7 8xft inch. 

Bottom plates of futchels, center.. Burden's iron Full oval % an d 7 8 inch. 

Piece, back Burden'siron 7 8X i 2 j nc h. 

Piece, front Burden's iron Chamfer edges W inch thick. 

Jaw plates Band iron .- No. 10. 

Kingbolt Norway iron 5g inch. 

Pole bridge Ulster iron 1 3 8XJ4 inch. 

Pole stop Ulster iron 3 4X i2 inch. 

Pole hook Norway iron 3 8 inch bolt end. 

Bottom plate evener bar Band iron No. 10. 

Evener bar king bolt Norway iron 12 inch. 

King bolt plate Ulster iron Winch. 

King bolt stay Norway iron Bound 1% inch. 

Socket plate Norway iron Oval lx 5 8 inch. 

Bottom plate of futchel Half oval 7 g mcn . 

Axle clips Norway iron i2X 3 8 inch. 

Securing clips Norway iron Swaged half round 5 sx 3 8 inch. 

Bolt ends 3 8 inch. 

Bolts Norway iron fs inch. 

Tire Low Moor iron l 3 8xWinch. 

Tire Steel l^x^inch. 

Bolts Norway iron Tire i^inch. 

Front hub bands Band iron - 3 %inch thick. 

Pocker plates at neck L. W 2x*2 inch. 

Ends 2x 3 8 inch. 

Screws No. 18. 

Dash - 15 inches high. 

Outside and bottom bars Oval 5 8x 3 8 inch. 

Top and center bars : Oval 5 sxW inch. 

Heels Norway iron l^x^ inch. 

Lamp props Norway iron Bound Winch. 

Iron brake Burden's iron Square II4 inch. 

Body portion Half round 

Extension taper to Oval li§ inch. 

Bolts for dash, brakes and steps. . .Norway iron W bach. 

Bolts, body '. Norway iron 3 8incb. 

Top back bar to front carriage.... Burden's iron Full oval li 8 inch. 

Cross spring stay Burden'siron ^ l^x^ inch. 

Spring bearing -, 6 inches long. 

Steps to front carriage Sheet iron No. 10. 

Pad -- 4x5 inches. 

Body steps 4----V, Horseshoe 6*2x712 inches. 

Shank Low Moor iron Octagon 7 8 inch. 

At pad Bound 5 8 inch. 

Step cover Sheet iron ,. No. 12. 

Stay Ulster iron Square Winch. 

Plate for wooden brake Ulster iron Thin half oval ..l^xSe inch. 

Spring bearing Flat 6 inches long. 



No. 16. 

Table of Kind, and Mini of Iron Led in C on.lruclin« a Landau ou Platform Npi in«». Track, 
Ironi 4 feel 6 inches, back 4 feel 10 inches. 

Sectional r.irt*. Metal Shape. .««. 

Cape hardened Mail or Colling* I 3 8x8 inches. 

Piece part Low Moor iron l 5 a inches. 

1 3 4 inches. 
6pla 



• ront 

Length 



Main ami second plates. 
Third and fourth plates. 
Fifth ami sixth plates. . 

Hark 

Length 



Best Swedes steel, 

oil temper. Full elliptic. 



Fourth and ".Hi plates — 

111,-, -I.I 111-. It 4 "^ 011 ' 5 l' lateS 



ates. 
40 inches. 
11*2 inches. 
No. 2. 
Xo. 3. 
No. 4. 
5 plates. 
40 inches. 
I0 l -i inches. 
No. 2. 
I No. 3. 



Mam. I'd and 3d plates. 



No. 2. 



Additional plates No. 3 

Ar.li 4 1 8inches. 

Fifth wheel Full circle 24 inches. 

I Mates Burden's iron l-'s inch. 

Qpper section Borden's iron I lalf oval v* inch thick. 

Molding Half round ,"„x 3 8 inch 

Book Norway iron ] -j inch thick. 

Hot 1 1. in bed, bottom plate Burden's iron Half round 1 3 4X 3 4 inch. 

Hun bed, 1 "i' plate Bnrdeu'siron Half oval l^x^ inch. 

s. ;i t Btaj a. spring bearing Burden's iron l 3 4x 3 4 inch. 

I in I pieces Burden's iron Hound :, 4 inch. 

At the futohels : ' 8 n in S h -. , 

iii, ii„ shels, fronl - 1 i 8X t 4 ?° ch - 

Hot loin plate of top lull Norwav iron Flat halt oval 1 12x34 inch. 

Top plate 1 'I top bed Norway iron l^x^incb. 

Ends tapered to l inch. 

Bottom plate of rntehels, front.... Burden's iron 3 « inch thick. 

Tapered to h inch. 

Centei piece Hurdin'siron Square 1 inch. 

Ha.k end :l s inch thick. 

Jaw plates 10 futehels. Hand iron Ainch. 

Pole bridge Ulster iron l :! 4x ;i s in. h. 

Bottom plates of 1 iheous. Ulster iron Half oval l^x&a inch- 

King bolt plate of evener bar ^ inch thick. 

Bottom plate of evener bai Hand iron No. 8. 

Box rlips Norway iron l 3 4x'2 inch. 

Securing clips Norway iron 3 4X, ; , inch. 

Ends - i2ii"h. 

clip W;iis Horseshoe iron Z? 3 ^ 2 Inc h. 

Kingbolt Norway iron 7 s inch. 

Socket anus Norway iron Oval l^xSsmch. 

Hack loops at butt Burden's iron Square 1 5 8 inch. 

Back ends Oval l 3 8 ineh. 

Book stop 10x10 inches. 

- Sheet iron N o. 14. 

I -'in s Ulster iron l^x^n inch. 

Front, thee) iron No. 12. 

Step work Hound ,7, inch. 

Joints Square ,',, inch. 

Horse shoestop Sheet iron 7isx8i2 inches. 

Shanks Burden's iron Octagon and round 1 inch. 

Btop cover Sheet iron No. 14. 

Sides Norway 11 on lx^g inch. 

Boot Stops Norway i 1011 5^x6 inches. 

'lire How Moor iron l^xA- inch. 

Tire Steel 1 3 8X 3 8 inch. 

Tire Compound iron 1*2X 3 8 inch. 

Bolts Norway iron Tire 14 inch. 

llnli hands, front Band iron No. 9. 

Back Band iron No. 8. 

Rocket plates, circular L.W. iron '^ x h incn - 

Angular L. W. iron k 4x*2 inch. 

Screws -. No. 20. 

Joints Norway iron Stump joints 1 X 8X 3 4 inch. 

Piece Pari Low Moor iron Oval lx 5 8 inch. 

Hinges for enter of top Norway iron lxi 4 inch. 

Weather plate Hand iron 3 8 inch. 

siav- Round 2 1 4X-, 1 „ inch. 

Seal rail • Round i 2 inch. 

Securing bolts --- ----- 3 8ineh. 

Front fender, side and main bars. I Ister iron Oval 7 8XrVinch. 

Outer bars Ulster iron Oval 7 8X 3 8inch. 

Toe board Oval 1*2x5 inch. 

Screws - -. ----- No. 14. 

Lamp props at butts Norway iron Oval 3 4 inch. 

Tapered at stem Norway 'iron 5 8 inch. 

Break plates Burden's iron Half round 1 3 4X 3 4 inch. 

Spring bearings 6 inches. 

Supporting bars, cross springs.... Burden's iron 1 3 4X 3 4 inch. 

Spring bearings 6 inches. 

Ends Oval 1 5 8X 7 8 inch. 

T's Norway iron Flat half oval 1 1 2X 1 2 inch. 

Clips . . * Norway iron 7 sx 3 s inch. 

Back bar of front carriage Burden's iron Oval l^x^ inch. 

T's Norway iron Flat half oval l^x 7 ^ inch. 

18 



No. 17. 



Tables of Sizes and Kinds 



Cee Springs, 4 feet 8 and 



Swedes steel, oil 
temper. 



Top plates, oval ends; 
bottom plates, square 
ends; button heads. 



Sectional Parts. .Vetal 

Axle Case hardened 

Piece part Low Moor iron 

Springs, elliptic 

Front 

Length 

Open 

Main and second plates.. 

Third and fourth plates. 

Fifth plate 

Back 

Length 

Open 

Main and second plates . 

Fourth and fi fth plates . . 
C springs 

Plates 

First, 2d and 3d plates. . 

Fourth and fifth plates.. 

sixth and seventh plate- 
Fifth wheel Burden's iron 

Upper half, if molded Burdeo : siron Half round 

Hook, bolt portion ...Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

Bottom bed, bottom plate Burden's iron Full half round 1 3 4X 3 4 inch. 

Bottom bed, top plate Common iron Half oval l-*43&2 inches. 

Futchel stays, ends lister iron Round 3 4 inch. 

Spring bearings Ulster iron l 3 4x 3 4 inches. 

Length '. Half oval 6 inches. 

Top bed, top plate Norway iron Half oval l^x-hz inches. 

Ends lxft inch. 

Top bed, bottom plate Norway iron Half oval 1°8XtV inches. 

Jaw prates Band iron flinch. 



Shape. Size. 

Collinge 1 -, 5 6 -x8 inches. 

1^2 inches. 

1 3 4 inches. 

5 plates. 

39 inches. 

11 inches. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

5 plates. 

36 inches. 

9 inches. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

1 3 4 inches. 

Seven. 

No. 2. 

No. 3. 

No. 4. 

liix 3 8 inches. 

5 s inch. 



rpli 
Kins bolt Norway iron Ssineh. 

Socket arms Nor svay iron Oval lx 5 8 inch. 

Plate portion tV inch. 

Ends Oval 3 gx 3 8 inch. 

Bottom stay of futchels Low Moor iron Oval 7 8Xtj inch. 

Front end Burden's iron 3 8 inch thick. 

Back eDd Burden's iron lx 5 sinch. 

Box clips Norwayiron l 3 4x 3 s inches. 

Securing clips Norway iron 3 4Xtb inch. 

Ends - iV inch. 

Clip yokes Burden's iron _ 7 sxvb inch. 

Pole hook Norwayiron 3 8 inch. 

Pole stop Ccmmoniron ^ inch. 

Pole bridge Burden's iron l 3 4x x 4 inches. 

Evener bar plate rV inch thick. 

Bolt Norwayiron ts inch. 

Bottom plate Band iron , 3 „- inch. 

Toe-board plate-drag, front Burden's iron Half oval l^x 3 ! inches. 

Step for boot Sheet iron No. 10. 

Pad. .Sq Uare oxo 1 ^ inches. 

Step for body Sheet iron No. 10. 

Pad Horseshoe 7x8 inches 

Shank Burden's iron Octagon and round 7 s inch. 

Cover Sheet iron No. 14. 

Shank tsx 1 ^ inch. 

Bolts Norway iron ft inch. 

If book step o 9x10 inches. 

Bolts -- 3 8 inch. 

Front stay Norwayiron Oval l^x^ inches. 

Bottom stump joints Norwayiron 7 gx 5 8 inch. 

Piece part Low Moor iron Oval. _..__. 7 8XtV inch. 

Top stump joint Norwayiron 3 4X 5 s inch. 

Piece part Low Moor iron Oval Sjxftinch. 

Tire Steel — — l^xft inches. 

Tire Compound iron.. l 3 sx 3 s inches. 

Tire Low Moor iron l 3 8Sf.T inches. 

Bolts Norwayiron Tire.. I4 inch. 

Hub Bands, thick Fall River iron & inch. 

Backhands, thick.... Fall River iron isincb. 

Rocker plates, neck portion L. TV 3 1 ^>i L n inches. 

Ends --L. TV 3!2X 3 8 inches. 

For angular body, center L. TV 4x!2 inches. 

Ends L. TV - 4x 3 s inches. 

Screws No. 20. 

Seat rails Burden's iron Round 1% inch. 

Front wings, inside bars Low Moor iron Oval 3 4XtV inch. 

Outer and center bars Pittsburgh iron Oval 3 4X^ inch. 

Bow wings, inside bars Low Moor iron Oval 3 4x 3 sinch. 

Inside bars.. Pittsburgh iron Oval - 3 4Xft inch. 

Lamp prop Norway iron Round 3 8 inch. 

Stay jacks Burden s siron l 3 4x 3 s inch. 

Ears Norway iron 

Back spring bearings Burden's iron 1 3 4X 3 4 inches. 

Length 7 inches. 

Back portion Half oval l^x 3 ! inches. 

Back loops Burden's iron Square 13s inches. 

Front end Half oval 

Back end Oval l^xl inches. 

Strap bolt Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

19 



\o, 18. 



i ..i.i. or Kiud» 



■ ml Hizra of Ir 



I »e.l in < nn-tru< imi«( It Com h. II nun w|ii>ii I'lnllaim Npiia««; 
Trm-k, 4 frrl III inrhin.' 



Parti. Metal. Skdpe. 

Axles Case hardened iron .Mail or Colliuge. 

Piece part !-<>« Moor iron 

"te;:;;:::::::::::::::::::: 

i.i n-tii 



.I,,,,, 

Main iiinl second plates;: 

Third anil fourth plates 

Fifth niul sixth plates... 



Back 

Length 

Open 

Main ami second plate* 

Third ami fourth j.l .. : 

I nth plate 

-pring, nun mini, ,!.-; 

Anil 

,Mam, second and thinl plates: 

I it'll &hW ;:;;; . .: : 

Hiiitiiiii bed, bottom plati ;:: 



Swedes steel, 

oil temper. 



.<>« Mllll] ilOll 

linden'- ium.. . 



Kmls «,f all plates, 
Bqnefre ; top plates 

draw n thin anil cham- 
fered. Button heads. 



lioxsio inches', 
1 5 8 incb. 
l :, i inch. 
<; plates. 
40 inches. 
n ] o inches, 
No, a, 



Xo. H- 

Xo: 4: 



Burden's iron . 



.Half circle 

.Full half oval. 



., plate.-- 

111 inches.' 

lO^ inches 
Xo. 2. 
Xo. 3. 

No, I, 
.", plates, 

it- Inchea 
xo. a. 

No; 8; . -\ 
i^sx,,, Inch, 
.13 4 xft 4 inch, 

lU-vVin-d. 

SSii: 1 3 4X : U ineh. 

.Bound ....-V liH'h; 

'2>. iniii • 

.Bound v inch. 

lx :! 4 inch. 

.Siiuare 1 hich; „ 

;••:. ,; ii.ilt. 

|i in'ii, bottom plate Norway iron Full half oval C?\ :, i inch.- 

' top folate Norway Iron l J 2k?a jnenj 

Norwaj Iron l J 4x 3 4 Jnep 

An is ::::::::!!imn Swaged oval P-ix-v inch; 

Knil - at futcbel .:.::::■..... \x\ inch. 

Ring bolt Norw ay iron ..•.■.•:.•.•.,. ; ....... 7 h inch. 

Pole bridge ll-tei Iron .•;.-:.- l : U^ ; V l»'<'Ji. 

I lot, on i plate to puncheons Dlster iron Half oval [tgraraonj 

Hit tmi t pi., i o lor Bran bar Band iron ,,. inch. 

I up plan i,t id :iw ii.it (lister Iron l -z inch thick. 



Unit bed, top plate:.. 

snlr m.w a at >i g bearings: 

In nit oi bearing Burden's iron 

I '"in I ad 

Iitn u fend ' Burden's Iron 

Frontal futcbel Norwaj Iron: 

Center of bottoni plate Burden's Iron 

In-ille plate lit lllti hi 1- I '..I ml iron 



Top l,Cil, I 
,l,.p I,., I. t, 
!\lll« l.nll 



,1 id 






;.; Ulster lion ... 
Ulster Iron ... 

.. Norwa.N lion 
...Burden- iron. 



Rlug 

Axle, boxelipi 

i>rn.i M i lip 

Bolt e ml- : .-..•..• 

Clip Lais Li W. iron 

Supporting Lai- to cms- springs.. Ulster iron Swaged half oval 

Spring bearing 

I l • - : i Norway iron Full half oval Hyx 1 



r ' H inch. 
. 1 S4XI0 inch; 
.. 3 4X, 7 ,; inch, 
./.inch. , 
■S.x 1 - Inch/ 
VU\*4 inch, 
ti inches dpiK, 
.■x^ineh. 



l.ow Moor iron 7 M x : H inch. 

Bach Lai. front carriage lister iron Oval Va,x & 4 inch. 

Ices 1 l^x 3 * iuch. 

limit Staj Norway iron Oval mm .... , 1 3 8X 7 h inch. 

Brake plates Borden's iron Deep half round,,. ., l 3 4X :, j inch. 

Spring bearing ((inches loupr. 

Book -tip lllxfll inches. 

Backs Sheet iron Xo. 14. 

Frames lister iron l^x'-'s inch, 

I t Sheet iron Xo. 12. 

Step work Hound rVinch. 

Joints Square ft inch. 

Horseshoe steps T^ssS^ inch. 

Pad Sheet iron No. 10. 

Shank Burden's iron Octagon and round 1 inch. 

Step OOver Sheet iron Xo. 14. 

shank lister iron Octagon and round 5 s incb. 

Tire Compound iron l I ax 3 8inch. 

lire Steel l 3 t<x ; V inch. 

Bolts Norway iron . Tire ^inch. 

Huh Lands, front Band iron n; inch thick. 

Back Norway irou lx-ft inch. 

Bocker plates, circular body L. \V. iron Bar S^^a inch. 

Angular body Ix^iuch. 

Screws Xo. 20. 

Top joints Norway iron Stump joints l 1 *^ inch. 

Piece part Burden'siron Oval lx 5 8 iuch. 

Top props l^inch. 

Binges for center of top Norway iron lx*4 inch. 

Weather plate Band iron 2 1 4x, 1 „ inch. 

Stays Bound 3 g j uc h. 

Seat rail Dlster iron Bound *2 inch. 

I >rag front plate Burden's irou Half oval l^xSg inch. 

Lamp props Ulster iron ..Taper 3 4x 5 g inch. 

Hoot steps Sheet iron No. 10. 

Pads 6x6*2 inches. 

Front uii g Lars Oval 3 4x 3 * iuch. 

Hulls for securing irons to Lody.. Norway iron ,% inch. 

Bolt for -ei 111111- In id v to carriage. Norway iron -,',, inch. 

30 



No. 19. 



of Kinds and sizes of Iron Used for a Carryall or Cheap Bwkavar ; Perch Carriage; 
Two Elliptic Springs, 4 Feet S Inch or i Feet 10 Inch Track. 



Sectional Fari* 

Axle?. Ion? stock 

Springs 

Front 

Length 

Open 

Main, second and third plates. 



Metal. Shape. ' She. 

Case hardened iron. Plain taper nut l^xl inches 

'1 3 4 inches. 
5 plates. 

38 inches. 



™Mi te Common grad. 

Fifth plate > black I s 



springs. 



Full elliptic, button j S°* ?■ 
heads, square ends. } g "-j^, 

10 inches. 

10 inches. 

No. 2. 
X... 3. 
LNo. 4. 



Back. 

Length 

Open 

Main, second and third plates. 

Fourth and fifth plates 

Sixth plate 

Bolts for securing front spring — Norway iron -fg inch. 

For back spring Norway iron .. 3 4 inch. 

Fifth wheel Malleable iron 16 inches. 

Plates Half round lx^ inch. 

Clips 1*8 inch! wide. 

Ends 3 8 inch. 

Kinj? bolt Norway iron Plain Sg inch. 

Stay, strap portion Common iron Flat 5 gx-ft inch. 

End 3 S inch. 

Head plate Ulster iron r.-.liox 3 * inches. 

At fifth wheel bearing ..^ inch thick'. 

Perch plate Common iron Swaged l^xfr inches. 

Ends Refined iron ^8 inch. 

Bolts Norway iron -ft inch. 

Top plate Norway iron Half oval I 3 ** 3 * inches. 

Side stays, outside Refined iron Oval 3 4x V inch. 

Inner branches Oval 3 sx 3 s inch. 



Heels 



inch. 



At head block „ Half oval Psxl* inches. 

Clips, strap portion Norway iron 1*4 inches wide. 

Ends • 3 s inch. 

Jack clips Norway iron Plain pattern 1L, inches. 

Ends -rV inch. 

Bolt Norway iron i-2 inch . 

Shaft iron, heads Refined iron 

Strap ....Refined iron Swaged half round l 3 gx 3 s inches. 

Length on the bar 13 inches. 

Bolts 3 inches. 

Length front of bar 1 8 inches. 

Bolts Norway iron 4xrV inch. 

Pole plate Refined iron Half oval l^x-A- inches. 

Top plate Half oval l^x 1 ^ inches. 

Sta.Ts, outer portion Refined iron Oval : -%s 3 8 inch. 

Inner branches Oral 5 gx 3 8 inch. 

Neck at end 3 jl inch. 

At head 5 sineb. 

Kingbolt stay Norway iron \- inch thick. 

Neck portion Oval 3 4XrVineh. 

Tire Compound iron l-^xSg inches. 

Bolts Tire i± inch. 

Back bands of hubs Band iron No. 10. 

Front bands .• Malleable iron 

Dash Ordinary iron Oval r&zfs inch. 

Rail Ordinary iron Round 3 g inch. 

Lamp props Norway iron Round rs inch. 

At head Round *% inch. 

Seat rails Ulster iron Round rV inch. 

Arms Re and. .- 3 s inch. 

Heels Norway iron 

Bolts Tire A inch. 

Lazy back stay Refined iron Oval 5 sx 3 8 inch. 

Screws No. 14. 

Step Sheet iron Oblong.... No. 10. 

Pad bottom 6%x8 inches. 

Top S^sS 1 ^ inches. 

Main shank Refined iron Round 3 4 inch. 

At pad - ^s inch. 

Top shank Round 5 s inch. 

At pad - ,-> inch. 

Stays Oval 3 4X,~inch. 

Bolts Norwav iron 3 8 inch. 

Front step ..Sheet iron No. 10. 

Pad Oblong 5x6 inches. 

Shank „ Refined iron Round. 5 8 inch. 

A t p a d Round rs inc b . 

Side branches Norwaviron Oval 3 sx 3 s inch. 

Bodv loops Burden's iron 1 inch. 

At butt Oval 1 x 3 4 inch . 

At head Oval 7 sx 3 8 inch. 

Strap part Tapered 1 *8X 3 4 inches. 

Center Ordinary iron Half oval I 3 ** 3 * inches. 

Bolts at ends Norway iron 3 4 inch. 

At center '. A inch. 

Rocker plates, straight Refined iron 2x 3 g inches. 

Curved Refined iron '2^2 inches. 

Screws No. 16. 

21 



No. 20. 

Table of Kind* and Sizes of Iron lined in Con»tructing a " Democratic " W "n von. Single Perch, 
on Two Springs. Track, 4 Feel 8 Iuchea. 

8tcHonal rart*. Metal. Shape. Sine. 

Axles, nut Case hardened Plain taper 1 t kx7 inches. 

Piece part, back Burden's iron lxl ^ inches. 

Piece I'Mi i. fiont Burden's iron Txl 5 H inches. 



Springs 

Front .'. 

Length 

•Ipfll 

Main plate. .. 
md plate 



Length 

Open 

Main ami second plates 

Additional plates. 



l J 2 inches. 
5 plates. 
36 inches. 

8 inches. 
No. 2. 
Swedes steel. P va ! ei .! d *r !'.'.'"<?" S°- ° 



Additional plates f »weoes sieei. lu ,. uls fi|] , pllipti( , 

Hack 



No 
5 plates. 
38 inches. 
lo inches. 
No. 2. 
No. 3. 



Fifth wheel Norway iron Naif circle 15 inches. 

Plates Half round lis inches. 

Bolts Norway iron A inch. 

Perch plate, ends Norway iron 3 sxl 3 8 inches. 

Center Common bar iron :! 8xl 3 s inches. 

Bolts Norway iron A inch. 

Bead plate Norway iron ^xl^ inclies. 

Top plate Burden's iron Half oval 1 X 4XA inches. 

Side stays, main I in nidi's iron Oval *2X S 8 inch. 

Inner Hill den's iron Oval :l nx 5 h inch. 

Ends of main slay Norway iron Halt oval l^X^ inches. 

Holts Norway iron A inch. 

Clip king bolt, strap Norway iron 1*8 inches. 

Holt part »4 inch. 

Clips Norwaj iron Plain strap 1*8 inches. 

Bolts part A- inch. 

Shaft irons — Burden's iron Swaged l^xA inches. 

Length from ol bai 16 inches. 

Front on bar 12 inch. 

Bolts Norwaj iron ^inch. 

Jack/clips Norway 3 Boll pattern 

Strap l 3 8_inch. 

Holt .nil A inch. 

Heads, length 1*2 inches. 

Molt io inch. 

Pole, bottom plate Burden's iron Half oval l^x^ inches. 

Top plate Norway iron lxA inches. 

Main staj Burden's iron ( >val 1 -.>x r \( inch. 

Inner staj Hnrden's iron Oval 3 8X r V inch. 

Neck, at pole bai r, H inch. 

At head , ; ',; inch. 

Wh iltlet lee holt Noi wa.\ iion A inch. 

T holts Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

Bodj loops, hack Burden's iron Swaged 7 8xlig inches. 

Heads Mound 1 inch. 

Bolt! Norway iron 3 s inch. 

Spring bar bolts Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

Tire Steel iV.xl 1 ^ inches. 

Iii' Coin] ion ml iron ^xl^r inclies. 

Tire Common iron r^xl^ inclies. 

Holt* Norwaj iron ,',; inch. 

Bten Norway iron Square 

Pad 0x8i 2 inches. 

shank Him den's iron Square ami octagon 7 s inch. 

At pad Oval Mjx^iinch. 

Hack Btaj Km den's iron Hound 5 8 inch. 

Holts Norway iron :! s inch. 

Dash, hight 15 inches. 

Bars Common iron Oval l'ox-"^ inches. 

Hill' hands Hand iron is inch thick. 

Side mils to seat Hnrden's iron Round A inch. 



REPAIRING CASTINGS. 
Small holes in eastings can be filled with a mixed metal compound, of 2 parts antimony 
and 1 part bismuth, this metal will expand in cooling and make a perfect filling. 

BLOCKING A> \-\vn.. 

It is important that the anvil be attached securely to the block, particularly where large 
irons are to he forged and bent ; one of the simplest of the secure methods is to pass two 
flat bars through the block about six inches from the top, the centers of which, about one- 
half an inch wider apart than the length of the base of the anvil. Punch holes and cut in 
the threads before putting the bars in place, the holes being spaced to the width of the 
base, bore holes through the wood for bolts, then make plates that will clasp the corners of 
the base and pass bolts through these to the holes in the bars and run the bolts down tight; 
the underside of the corner irons should be cut away so as to have a bearing on the wood 
only on the extreme outside edge. 

22 



Xo. 21. 

Tables of Kinds and Size* or Iron Ised in Constructing a 4 Seat Extension Top Plireion. 

Sectional Parts. ilital. Shape. Sisc. 

Axles, mail or nut Cast hardened Plain taper ligxT inches. 

Piece part Low Moor iron Octagon and round 1^ inches. 

Springs 1 fl 1 ^ inches. 

J>8t h Swedes steel, oil Full elliptic ; -button ) *1 j^s. 

SES andsetond plates::::::: ( ^per. heads ^oval points. } »«*-; 

Additional plates J ' [No. 3. 

Fifth wheel Norway iron.. Flat l 3 8X 3 s inches. 

Bottom bedplate Burden's iron l^x^s inch. 

Spring bearing at futehel stay Burdeusiron Flat l^xSs inch. 

Futchel side stays Burden's iron ...Round 5 g inch. 

Front ends Norway iron 

Arch plate, center Burden's iron Square % inch. 

Front end Norway iron x 4 inch thick. 

Jaw plates Band lion l^x^ inch. 

Pole bridge . Steel l^x^inch. 

King bolt. Norway iron Socket pattern , 5 8 inch. 

Top plate for top bed Burden's iron Half oral A inch thick. 

Evener bar bolt Norway iron ,'V inch. 

Bolt plates Burden'siron 3 g inch thick. 

Bottom plate of evener Band iron *i inch thick. 

Screws _ 84 inch No. 10 

Brake plates Burden's iron Swaged % inch thick. 

Bottom plates Common iron Swaged...- l^x 1 ^ inch. 

Tire Steel l 1 ~x : V inch. 

Tire Compound iron li^xii inch. 

Tire Common iron lHx-, -inch. 

Bolts Norway iron Tire 14 inch. 

Hub bands Band iron -A- inch thick. 

Dash - 1 5?a inches high, 

Bars Low Moor iron Oval 5 8x3g inch. 

Heels Norway iron 

Axle and box clips Norway iron l^x 3 ^ inch. 

Securing clips Norway iron 5 gx 3 g inch. 

Step pads Sheet iron 

Top step pad oxo^ inches. 



Bottom step pad _ o^xB inches. 

Main branch Burden ; s iron Square ~s inch. 

Lug Norway iron Flat 1^2x3 inch. 



Upper branch Burden ; s iron Oval °sxtV inch. 

Shifting rail „ Oval 5 gx 3 g inch. 

Side stays Round 3 s inch. 

Stump joints, back Norway iron ^x 1 ^ inoh. 

Piece part Burden's ii on Oval. ^x 1 ^ inch. 

Stump ioints, front Norway iron , 5 gx 3 s inch. 

Piece part Burden'siron Oval rVxr^inch. 

Rocker plates L. TV. iron 2%x 1 -2 inch . 

Screws No. 12. 

Iron brake Low Moor iron Swaged l^xl 3 ^ inch. 

Step bolts Norway rron Ssinch. 

Front body bolts Norway iron 3 8 inch. 

Additional bolts Norway iron --...-re inch. 



FILES— THEIR VOEHSIGAATIOS. 

By the trade files have a variety of terms whereby they are distinguished. First there is 
the " cut ; " this has three forms — single cut, double cut. and rasp ; each has different de- 
grees of coarseness, such as rough, coarse, bastard, 2d cut and smooth. The coarser of the 
single ent are sometimes called floats : the "rough" and "coarse" cuts are adapted to files 
to be used tipon soft metals, the "bastard" and "2d cut " are for wood and metals, the 
single cut for saw teeth, etc. The double cut have two coarses of chisel cuts crossing each 
other ; the first coarse has a horizontal obliquity with the central line of the file ranging 
from So to 55 degrees ; the second cut crossing the first has a horizontal obliquitv varving 
from 5 to 15 degrees. The double cut is applied to most files used by machinists, blacksmiths 
and wood-workers. The rasp cut differs entirely from the other, as each tooth is complete 
in itself, being cut by a single-pointed tool; their coarseness is designated the same as the 
single and double cut. 

Most files, whether single or double cut, have their edges single cut, this cut being regu- 
lated by that of the side. "Flat files" are technically those that are oblong through the 
center, the size being 4 inches in length. -£ inch wide and -^ of an inch thick ; 6-ineh, f of an 
inch wide and -f^ of an inch thick ; 8-inch, -§ inch wide, T 3 ¥ of an inch thick; 10-inch, 1 inch 
wide and \ of an inch thick ; 12-inch, 1^ inches wide and -fa of an inch thick ; 14-inch, If 
inches wide and \^ of an inch thick ; 16-inch, li inches wide and £| of an inch thick. 

Round files are circular in section and have a regular taper : they are made in lengths 
from 2 to 16 inches ; they are generally single cut, bastard. 

Half round files have one flat and one convex side. The bastard is usually double cut on 
both sides. The 2d cut and smooth are cut double on their flat sides, and single on the con- 
vex sides. Three square files have triangular sections ; they are tapered to a point, and cut 
double (excepting saw files) ; sizes range from 10 to 14 inches ; usually bastard, or 2d cut. 



\o. as. 

Table of Km. I. an. I Mara m Iron C»e«l in l«n.i™hn S a Mix-»eal Phaeton on Platform 
ipriiig.. I Fret 10 Track. 

I Part*. Metal. Shape. 

AzIm Case hardened iron.. Mail or oai l^xT^ inches. 

Pit*e pari Low Moor iron Octagon and roand 1 indies. 

( l : U inches. 



Prom 

Length 

Open 

Main and sec I plates. 

Additional plat< 

Back 

Length 

' (pen 

Main plates 

Second plates 

Fourth and Bfth platea 



5 plates. 

' :i/ inches. 
11 inches. 
E 1 1 i jp t i c; French I No. 2. 
Swedes steel, oil brads; top plates I No. S. 
temper. gpear point*, bottom ; •"» platea. 

plates round points. I 39 inches. 
!»'._. inches. 
I No. 2. 
I No. :s. 



Fifth whet Norway iron Half circle r' s \ nidus. 

ropsection moldii Half round •%. inch. 

Bottom 1»<I plate Borden's iron Swaged l : <i\ :, i incbes. 

Spring ii.-n iult nt lot In 1 stays.. ..Borden's iron Flat L3 4X » 4 inches. 

Kutehel Borden's iron Bound U inch. 

• I:,w , Plates Band iron l^txU inches. 

Anil pi ne Burden's iron Square Linen. 

,.. I ' 1 ,"", 1 , "' 1 inch thick. 

King bolt • Norwaj u on Socket pattern s 4 inch. 

Norway iron l i.,x : H inches. 

Plate tot top bed Norway iron Half oval vln.-h thick. 

Evenerba Ulster iron Flat imh thick. 

It<>lt Norwaj iron ". ■"', in.-ii. 

Bottom pin e Rand iron U inch thick. 

Toe board plati Norway iron Half oval l.x 1 -. inch. 

Brakeplate Burden's iron .Swaged :, Ix T Z inch. 

Front quarter wing Burden's iron Oval 

Inside bars Borden's iron Oval ■"•«\ :1 * inch." 

Outside bars. Borden's iron Oval "v\ inch. 

Railtofronl eal Borden's iron Round l. inch 

I*«m> bridge Steel iV 1 * inches. 

Axle clips. Norway iron Flat l3 4X 3g inches. 

other clips Norway iron Flat s 4x*a inch. 

Steppadtop Norway iron Cridiron 7s 8 inches. 

I'" 11 Norway i i «m Gridiron <;>...\7 inches. 

Mainbranch. LTlsrerirbn Square and gon 7 8mch. 

Ulster iron. Octagon ".inch. 

1'iinnl step pad sheet iron \. | n .-,!.. x(! ,,„ 

Mump i - lot bottom Nor way iron.... Square 7 -v. inch. 

Plecetl part I Istei iron Ova] :, i\'dtich. 

Front joini Norwaj iron Square :; i\\ inch. 

I'"" P»«1 .Ulstei iion Oval \\ inch 

..l^x^inch. 

Omnpoundiron li,x inches. 

Bolt" Korwayiron lire i, inch. 

• |Mirt iMtlts Norway i :, s inch 

'"'"' bolts Norway iron inch. 



t'ORCiES. 



The black tnith'e health and success depends much npon the arrangement of his forge, 
light, ventilation, and the situation of tool bench and anvil all contribute 
failure. The forge itself should be about 3 feet 8 inches long and 3 feel 6 inches wide. 

il box, running across the >nd 8 inches wide and 10 inches deep. The water box 
full length of the forge 12 by 12 indies. The top of the tuyere should be about u indies 

■ he lc\ el of the forge and about 6 indies from the back. The chimney should be so 
arranged thai itwillcarrj off all smoke and gas. To assist to this end a funnel bonnet of 
sheet iron Bhoold be erected over the tire, of sin sufficient to form a receptacle for any extra 
body of smoke and bold it until it can be carried away thro ghthe chimney. The anvil should 
l"- so placed, if possible, thai the blacksmith will not be compelled to stand with his hack to 
the lire, as that position tends to bring on kidney troubles. The best position for the anvil 
to a right hand forge is to have the front of the anvil on a line with the outer end, and the 
anvil bul aboul two feel from the forge. The heighl of the forge is not an arbitrary mat- 
ter, a- few workmen stand in similar position, while the height of the workman has much 
to do with the proper height of the face of the anvil, ordinarily 2 feet 4 inches is about the 
righl height. When a forge is located on the ground Moor, it is better to cut away the 
flooring immediately around the anvil block, and till the opening with dirt a little above the 
level of the floor than to cover the Bpace with sheet iron. The tool bench should be placed 
within easy reach of the blacksmith, and high enough to obviate stooping over to get the 

a rail should be extended around three sides of the bench fur a rack for all handle 
tools, and boarding of the ton perforated to receive the points of the anvil tools. The hot- 
iron bin should be placed convenient to helper and smith. When the hand bellow6 is used 
tach it to the ceiling, as it is more out of the way there than when hung low. 
K. . p everything neat and clean, have a place for everything and everything in its place. 

24 



